ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ старлайт 11.

ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ тСкстов ΠΈΠ· ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ английскому StarLight Π·Π° 11 класс. Unit 1.1, Unit 1.2, Unit 1.3, Unit 1.4, Unit 1.5, Unit 1.6, Unit 1.9, Unit 1.10, Unit 1.12, Unit 1.13


Unit 1.1
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

Π Π°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅.

Π’Ρ‹ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅, вСроятно, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° я скаТу Π’Π°ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ интСрСс ΠΊ языку Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° Π±Ρ‹Π» Π·Π°ΠΆΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π² унивСрситСтС. Он ΡƒΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π» "Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Пиноккио" ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎ послС трСбования, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ я всСгда совал нос, давая оправдания Π·Π° Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ лСкциям. ΠžΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Ρƒ, ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΡŒ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° мчится ΠΊ носу, ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΡŒ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ зудящим. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Ссли Π’Ρ‹ Π΄ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ чСстСн с Π’Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ, Π’Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ ΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ†Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ нос! Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ нСбольшой ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡ…Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ» мСня ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ экспСртом ΠΏΠΎ языку Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π°.

Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ, я Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π±Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽ Π½Π° Тизнь ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ людьми Π² Π½Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π—Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ‚ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡƒΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ людСй, Π’Ρ‹ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Ρƒ, являСтся двумя ΠΈΠ· самых Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π’Ρ‹ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ. НапримСр, Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Ρ‹ строят свою Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π° ΠΈΡ… Π΄Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠ°Ρ…, подвСргая пСрСкрСстному допросу Π² судС, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π° свои полномочия убСТдСния ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΡƒ.

Π’ΠΎΠ·ΡŒΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€. Если Π±Ρ‹ я сказал Π’Π°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Ρ‹, вСроятно, ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ я ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Π΄Ρƒ взгляд, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΡŽ Π’Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π² Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅. Однако, это Π½Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ, Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ Π»ΠΆΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ рСфлСксивныС двиТСния, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΡ‹ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΡ‹ пытаСмся ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ. Из-Π·Π° этого, глядя Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π’Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ. Π₯ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π»Π³ΡƒΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Ρ‚ свою ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Ρƒ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ Π’Ρ‹ прямо Π² Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°Ρ…, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ ΠΎΠ½ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ лоТь Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡƒΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. Π’ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊ, всС ΠΆΠ΅. ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°; это измСняСт Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€? Если это становится большС, это - вСроятно, Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ скрыто.

Π―Π·Ρ‹ΠΊ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° - Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ нас; это - Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΠ±Π΅Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΡ‹ концСнтрируСмся Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ-Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅Ρ‰Π΅. Π― ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π±Ρ‹ Π΄ΡƒΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ создаю Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ голос силСн ΠΈ устойчив, ΠΈ моя Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒ ясна, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚, Π²Ρ‹Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ± ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΈ постоянно двиТущиСся Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π΅.

Π”Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ постоянно Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠΈΡ… услугах, ΠΈ я ΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π°ΡŽΡΡŒ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… ΡƒΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² сСбС, прСподавая ΠΈΠΌ языку Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π°. Π― даю совСт ΠΎ рукопоТатиях, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ всСгда Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ устойчивыми ΠΈ устойчивыми, ΠΈ я ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡŽ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ пространства, объясняя, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ люди, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡƒΡ‚ Π² Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π°Ρ…, стоят Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Ρƒ, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ люди Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…Π»Π°Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π°Ρ…. Они ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ вопросы, Π½ΠΎ эти кодСксы повСдСния ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ созданию ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠ΅ коммСрчСской сдСлки.

Мой срок слуТбы Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ большоС ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π― Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽ общСствСнности сСнатор/Π»Π΅Π΄, Π½ΠΎ это - сСнатор/Π»Π΅Π΄, Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π΅Π΅ ниТняя сторона. Всякий Ρ€Π°Π·, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° я Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π°ΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΈ я Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΡŽ ΠΈΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ я дСлаю для проТивания, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ свою ΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Ρƒ, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ большС Π½Π΅ смягчСны. Они Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π±ΡƒΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ всС сигналы, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ я Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Тизнь Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ врСмя ΠΎΡ‚ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ я ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽ Π΅Π³ΠΎ малСнькой Ρ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ, я наслаТдаюсь Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ.

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

You will probably laugh when I tell you that my interest in body language was sparked by a favourite professor of mine at university. He mentioned "Pinocchio Syndrome" to me one wintry morning after claiming that I always rubbed my nose when giving excuses for being late to his lectures. Apparently, when someone tells a lie, the person"s blood rushes to the nose and the extra blood makes it itchy. So if you think someone is not being entirely honest with you, perhaps like my professor you should watch to see if they scratch their nose! This little example of non-verbal communication inspired me to become a body language expert.

Now, I earn my living by training people in non-verbal communication. Knowing when someone is lying and knowing how to convince people you"re telling the truth are two of the most important skills you"ll ever learn. For example, lawyers build their reputation on their deductive skills when cross-examining in court, while politicians need to rely on their powers of persuasion to gain support.

Take the eyes, for example. If I told you a lie, you would probably expect me to look away rather than look you full in the face. However, this is not, as commonly thought, the sure sign of a lie, but the reflexive movements we make when we are trying to remember something. Because of this, glancing away is not as easy to interpret as you might believe. A good liar is not searching his memory for the truth, so he can quite easily look you straight in the eyes as he speaks to make the lie more convincing. Here"s a tip, though. Watch the pupil of the eye; does it change size? If it gets bigger, this is probably an involuntary sign that something is being hidden.

Body language is something that the majority of us cannot control; it"s what escapes when we"re concentrating on something else. I might think I"m creating a good impression because my voice is strong and steady and my speech is clear, but the sweat pouring off my forehead and my constantly moving feet say otherwise.

My working life gives me a great deal of satisfaction. I feel that I"m providing a public sen/ice, but it is a sen/ice that has had its downside. Whenever I meet someone new and I tell them what I do for a living, they immediately put their guard up and they"re no longer relaxed. They quite literally freeze in the attempt to hide all the signals that they assume I"m reading. It makes life difficult at times, but I consider it a small price to pay for a job I enjoy so much.

Unit 1.2
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ сообщСния.

Π’Ρ‹ стоитС Π² общСствСнном мСстС. Π’Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ продолТаСтся, Π’Ρ‹ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ Вас, Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ чувствуСтС сСбя 1) Π½Π΅Ρ€Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ быстро ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΅Π·ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅.

Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌ 2) ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ… Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ. НапримСр, Ссли ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π½Π΅Ρ‚ ΡƒΠ±Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‚ΠΎ всС Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ. Но ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ сбиты с Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ 3) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π»ΡŽΠ΄ΡΡ…. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ страх Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ быстро Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡƒ людСй?

Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² Π“Π°Ρ€Π²Π°Ρ€Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡƒΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρƒ. Π’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ люди судили ΡΠΌΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ситуации просто, смотря Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡ†Π°. Π’ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ 4) ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ это Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС, - Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ.

Π§Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ, ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ рисунки людСй, 5) стоящих Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ…, Π½ΠΎ с ΠΈΡ… стСртыми Π»ΠΈΡ†Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Рисунки ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ людям Π² счастливых, Π½Π΅ΠΉΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ боящихся полоТСниях. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ испытуСмыС смотрСли Π½Π° рисунки, ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ просмотрСны, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ. Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ нашли, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ боящССся ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ 6) ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ нСсмотря Π½Π° Π½Π΅Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒ любого выраТСния Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π° рисунках. Π­Ρ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ люди Ρ€Π΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ инстинктивно Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ страха Ρƒ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… людСй ΠΈ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ это 7) Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Π² нашСм ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ людям Π²Ρ‹ΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π² опасных ситуациях Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ нашСго развития.

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

Standing messages.

You are standing in a public area. Suddenly there is a disturbance, and even though you can"t see what"s going on, you, and those near you, immediately feel 1)nervous and quickly move away.

Scientists have long known about animal 2)responses to danger. For instance, if one animal begins to run away, then all the other animals in the group will follow. But scientists have been baffled by what causes 3)similar behaviour in humans. What is it that causes fear to spread so quickly through a group of people?

Researchers at Harvard believe they may have begun to unravel the mystery. In the past it was accepted that people judged emotional situations simply by looking at faces. What this new study has 4)revealed is that the position of the body is also very important.

To test their theory, the scientists showed pictures of people 5)standing in different poses but with their faces rubbed out. The pictures showed people in happy, neutral and fearful positions. While the test subjects looked at the pictures, their brains were scanned to see how they reacted. The researchers found that the fearful position caused a very 6)strong reaction despite the lack of any facial expression in the pictures. The effects suggest that humans react instinctively to a position of fear in other people and that this 7)development in our behaviour has helped humans to survive in dangerous situations throughout our evolution.

Unit 1.3
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ язык ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠΈ.

ΠžΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹Π΅ нСбСса ΠΈ доТдь Π»ΡŒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠ·, Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΡ‹ наслаТдаСмся английским Π»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ. ЗСмля Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π½ΠΎΠ³ быстро прСвращаСтся Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ грязи, Π½ΠΎ это Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ значСния. Π― ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΡƒ врСмя, танцуя ΠΈ подпСвая ΠΊ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π° мСстном фСстивалС WOMAD с тысячами Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎ всСй странС.

ΠœΠΈΡ€ ΠœΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠΈ, Π˜ΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π² ΠΈ Π’Π°Π½Ρ†Π°, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ WOMAD, пытаСтся Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°ΠΌ вкус ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… стилСй, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π²ΠΎ всСм ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅, ΠΈ это стало ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ фСстивали WOMAD Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… странах. ИдСя для фСстиваля Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ ΠŸΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° Габриэля, 1-A. Π•Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Ρ‚Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ наши Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ‹, получая нас Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΡ‹ ΡΠ»Ρ‹ΡˆΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ повсСднСвному Π’Π’.

Π“Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΡΠ»ΡŒ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚, "ЀСстивали всСгда Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ случаями 2-E. Одинаково Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ зритСлям ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ своСго собствСнного Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠΈ. ΠœΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ° - ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ язык, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ примиряСт людСй.

ЭтничСская ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ° Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ для этих Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π½Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ сСй дСнь остаСтся Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ восхищСния ΠΈΡΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ. Π—Π° эти Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Ρ„Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΡŒ прСвратился Π² случай для всСй сСмьи. На этом особом фСстивалС я ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽ дСйствия Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ для Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ мастСрских, ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… выставок ΠΈ киосков, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… всС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Ρ€ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹. Π—Π°Π±Π°Π²Π° Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ испытана Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π² авансцСнС, 3-F. Π― достаточно ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ‡Π»ΠΈΠ² Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π·Π° кулисами, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ чувство братства ΠΈ друТСских ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ срСди ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ чувство, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠœΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π»ΠΈ сюда со всСх ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ Аляски Π΄ΠΎ Π—Π°Π½Π·ΠΈΠ±Π°Ρ€Π°, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ фСстивали стали извСстными ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ "Π“Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ДСрСвня". Никто Π½Π΅ находится Π½Π° сорСвновании, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ самым большим ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠΉ 4-B. Π₯ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ Π΅Π΄Ρƒ, смСх, ΡˆΡƒΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ ΠΈ истории ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅. Π₯отя люди находятся Π² приподнятом настроСнии, ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π° - большая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° для этого британского фСстиваля. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‰Π΅ - люди, носящиС полиэтилСновый ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‰Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ†Π° ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ супа, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ стала ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ. Бобытия ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ это ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡΡΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‚, ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΌΡƒ WOMAD ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° пСрСимСновывался Π² WOMUD.

Ничто, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Ρ€Π°ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ энтузиазм Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ. Бмотря Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ стадии, я Π²ΠΈΠΆΡƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΏΡƒ, которая объСдинСна нСсмотря Π½Π° ΠΈΡ… различия. Π­Ρ‚Π° Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π°Π΄ΠΈ фСстиваля. Π₯ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π° стадии, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ Π²ΠΎ мноТСствС языков. ΠœΡ‹ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ слово, Π½ΠΎ чувства явно ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ просто ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρƒ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ языковыС Π±Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹, 5-G.

ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ заканчиваСтся, ΠΈ я ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŽΡΡŒ ΠΊ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΏΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ это Π΄Ρ€Π΅ΠΉΡ„ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ, оставлСниС ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π°Π΄ΠΈ эха послСднСго примСчания ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΎ 6-C. Бтадия сниТаСтся ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, киоски ΠΈ столовыС Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹. Автостоянка ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ пороТняя Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ…ΠΈΠΉ дСнь рассвСты ΠΏΠΎ сСльской мСстности. Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΡŒ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π΅Π½ ΠΈ всС, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ остаСтся, Π»ΡŽΠ±ΡΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ воспоминания. Но нСсгибаСмыС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ WOMAD ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ с Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ события ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. РСальная Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ наличия счастливых воспоминаний являСтся Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΉ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Ρ‚ΠΎ, Π³Π΄Π΅-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΠ΄ΡŒ, Π’Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ шанс ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ счастливыС.

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

The Universal Language of Music.

The skies open and the rain pours down, a sure sign that we are enjoying an English summer. The ground beneath our feet is rapidly turning into a field of mud, but it doesn"t matter. I am having the time of my life, dancing and singing along to the music at the local WOMAD festival with thousands of other fans from all over the country.

The World of Music, Arts and Dance, or WOMAD, tries to give us a taste of the musical styles that are enjoyed all over the world, and it has become so successful that WOMAD festivals are now held in several countries. The idea for the festival was the brainchild of Peter Gabriel, 1-A . His dream is to broaden our horizons, getting us away from the music we hear on the radio or TV everyday.

Gabriel says, "The festivals have always been wonderful and unique occasions 2-E. Equally important, they have also helped audiences to understand cultures other than their own through the enjoyment of music. Music is an international language that brings people together.

World music was the motivation for these hugely important three-day carnivals and to this day remains the main attraction but there are now other delights to experience. Over the years, the festival has turned into an event for the whole family. At this particular festival, I find activities designed for children as well as workshops, multi-media exhibits and stalls selling all kinds of hand-crafted goods. The fun is not only experienced by those in front of the stage, 3-F. I am lucky enough to be invited backstage, where there is a feeling of brotherhood and sisterhood among many of the artists, as well as a feeling that they are doing something to improve international understanding. The musicians have come here from all over the world, from Alaska to Zanzibar, so it is not surprising that the festivals have become known as the "Global Village". Nobody is in competition to be the biggest or the best 4-B. Artists share changing rooms and food, laugh, joke and swap stories about life on the road. Although people are in high spirits, the weather is a major problem for this British festival. A common sight is people wearing a plastic bag on each foot. These do-it-yourself boots protect the wearer from the brown soup the field has become. Experiences like this explain why WOMAD has occasionally been renamed WOMUD.

Nothing, however, can dampen the enthusiasm of the audience. Taking a look at the fans from the stage, I see a crowd that is unified despite their differences. This togetherness is reflected in the final performance of the weekend, designed as a celebration of the main idea behind the festival. The artists gather on stage to give a performance in a multitude of languages. We might not understand every word, but the feelings are unmistakably universal. It just goes to prove that music truly has the ability to break down the language barriers, 5-G.

The concert ends and I join the crowd as it drifts away, leaving behind the echo of the last note played 6-C. The stage comes down and the tents, stalls and canteens are taken apart. The car park slowly empties as a quieter day dawns over the countryside. Another festival is over and all that remains are the fond memories. But the die-hard WOMAD fans are already looking forward to next year"s event. The real joy of having happy memories is the belief that, sometime, somewhere, you"ll get the chance to create even happier ones.

Unit 1.4
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

Π“Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ язык.

На ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… языках говорят Π²ΠΎ всСм ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅, всС ΠΆΠ΅ согласно ΠΌΠΈΡ„Ρƒ Π‘Π°ΡˆΠ½ΠΈ БтолпотворСния Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ врСмя Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° всС люди Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° 1) ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ языкС. Π₯отя это Π½Π΅ каТСтся ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ 2) ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ историСй, Ссли Π’Ρ‹ рассматриваСтС, Π½Π° сколько языков говорят Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅ сСгодня, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‚ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° всСм протяТСнии людСй истории всСгда искали ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ язык 3) связи ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ 4) Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, языки ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΈ ΡƒΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² популярности. И латинский ΠΈ грСчСский язык Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 5) Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ языки Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅. Π’ настоящСС врСмя английский язык являСтся самым Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠΉ язык, Π½ΠΎ 6) Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ - Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ это измСнится Π² Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ. Π•ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ китайский язык станСт Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ языком ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹.

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

A Global Language.

Many languages are spoken throughout the world, yet according to the myth of the Tower of Babel there was a time in the past when all people spoke a 1) universal language. Although this doesn"t seem a very 2) believable story if you consider how many languages are spoken in the world today, what is true is that all through history people have always searched for the ideal language of 3) communication between different 4) nationalities. Historically, languages have risen and fallen in popularity. Both Latin and Greek were once the world"s most 5) influential languages. At the moment, English is the nearest we have to a common language but the 6) likelihood is that this will change in the future. There are some that claim that Chinese will become a global language one day.

Unit 1.5
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠ΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ слова: ΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°Π½Π΅Ρ†.

1-E) Π’ ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΡ‹, Π‘Π»Π°Π²Π° ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ½ - Тивущая Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π°. Он - ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· самых извСстных Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΡ‹ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ сцСничСском ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅, Asisyai, с Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Ρ‚Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŽΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΡˆΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ красными ΡˆΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ†Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌ. Snowshow Π‘Π»Π°Π²Ρ‹, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ всС Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ Π²ΠΎ всСм ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅, являСтся соврСмСнным ΡˆΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡ‡Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ зритСлями с Π΅Π³ΠΎ смСсью вСсСлой ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ сильной эмоции. Π­Ρ‚Π° Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ образная Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ внутрСнняя снСТная буря нСсСтся Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Ρ‹ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ снСТинками.

2-C) Π±Π°Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠžΠ±Ρ€ΡΠ΄ ВСсны ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π˜Π³ΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΌ Бтравинским ΠΈ балСтмСйстСром Ваславом Нийинским, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±Ρ‹Π» сначала Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ Π² 1913, рСконструировал ΠΈ Π±Π°Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΡƒ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ соврСмСнный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π±Π°Π»Π΅Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π²Π°Π» с артистичСской Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠΈΠ» Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΡŒΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΉ - Π±ΡƒΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ. ШиканьС Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ скоро Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ Π² Π±ΡƒΠ½Ρ‚, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ успокаивался послС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ полиция ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π²ΠΎ врСмя ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π°. ΠšΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ часто Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠžΠ±Ρ€ΡΠ΄ ВСсны Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ истинноС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ искусства.

3-G) ПослС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π‘ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ПСсни ЕвровидСния 2006 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° с Π΅Π³ΠΎ пСснСй Никогда НС ΠŸΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π’Π°ΠΌ Π˜Π΄Ρ‚ΠΈ, Π”ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π‘ΠΈΠ»Π°Π½Ρƒ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ людСй, ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ…, хотя, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π· Π² 2008 ΠΈ, Π½Π° сСй Ρ€Π°Π·, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡŒΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ΅ мСсто с, ВСрят. Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ с ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΉ, Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΊΡƒ Π²ΠΎ всСм ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ запись с Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ самыми извСстными ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏ-ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠΈ, Π”ΠΈΠΌΠ° - Π»ΠΈΡ†ΠΎ русской популярности, которая принСсла Π‘ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ПСсни ЕвровидСния Π² ΠœΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρƒ Π² 2009.

4-A), Майя ΠŸΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π΅Ρ‚ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· супСрзвСзд Π±Π°Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π΄Π²Π°Π΄Ρ†Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠžΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ с Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ возраста, ΠΎΠ½Π° сначала выступила с Π‘Π°Π»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Bolshoi Π² возрастС 11 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ с Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 1990. Π—Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ΠΉ Π·Π° Π΅Π΅ Ρ€Ρ‹ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ волосы, изящныС двиТСния ΠΈ элСктричСскиС дСйствия, ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡ€ Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½Π° взяла ΠΊ стадии Π² Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π±Π°Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π‘Π²Π°Π½ Π›ΡŽΠΊ ΠΈ Бпящая красавица. Она ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ. Майя ΠŸΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π΅Ρ‚ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ - ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Ρ† для подраТания для всСх Ρ‚Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ слСдовали Π² Π΅Π΅ ΡˆΠ°Π³Π°Ρ….

5-B) ОлСг Попов, ΠšΠ»ΠΎΡƒΠ½ Π‘Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π°, обучался Π² школС Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠ° Π² МосквС ΠΈ скоро стал ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· самых популярных ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² России. Π’ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΉ. Π’ 1969 Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Народный Π₯ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΈ Π² 1981 ΠΎΠ½ принял прСстиТного Π—ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠšΠ»ΠΎΡƒΠ½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠœΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π΅-ΠšΠ°Ρ€Π»ΠΎ. НСсмотря Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ сСмидСсятых, ОлСг всС Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ выступаСт ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅. Он Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒ ΠΊ: "создайтС Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π½Π΅ смСх Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ самого сСбя".

6-ΠΎΠΉ) ЧСлябинский Π‘ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π’Π°Π½Ρ†Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ построил Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… дСйствиях, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‚ Ρ‚Π°Π½Π΅Ρ† с элСмСнтами Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°. Ольга Пона, балСтмСйстСр Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ соврСмСнным Ρ‚Π°Π½Ρ†Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π² унивСрситСтС. Π•Π΅ послСднСС Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ мСшало Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π² этом ΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ€Π΅ всС ΠΆΠ΅. Она ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² соврСмСнного Ρ‚Π°Π½Ρ†Π°, ΠΈ это позволяСт Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ свои собствСнныС ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° для Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠ½Π° выполняСт. Она ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ‚Π°Π½Π΅Ρ†, соврСмСнноС Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π·Π²ΡƒΠΊ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΈΡˆΠΈΠ½Ρƒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π±Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ дСйствия.

7-F) ΠœΡΡ‚ΠΈΡΠ»Π°Π² "Π‘Π»Π°Π²Π°" Ростропович Π±Ρ‹Π» виолончСлистом ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡ…Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ» всС поколСния ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΈΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· сСмьи ΠΌΡƒΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ½ скоро продСмонстрировал свой СстСствСнный Ρ‚Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ‚ с Π²ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ. Π•Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ состраданиСм ΠΊ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌ. Π€ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Π±Ρ‹Π» создан, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΡŒΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ сСй дСнь это ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ дСвяти ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Ростропович ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Π² 2007, Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ наслСдства Π½Π°.

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

More than words: mime, music and dance.

1-E) In the world of mime, Slava Polunin is a living legend. He is one of the most famous mime artists on the world stage and his stage persona, Asisyai, with his yellow boiler suit and fluffy red slippers, is instantly recognisable. Slava"s Snowshow, which is still performed worldwide, is a modern masterpiece, captivating audiences with its mixture of hilarious comedy and powerful emotion. This hugely imaginative performance ends as an indoor blizzard sweeps across the auditorium sprinkling an amazed audience with snowflakes.

2-C) The ballet The Rite of Spring by composer Igor Stravinsky and choreographer Vaslav Nijinsky, which was first performed in 1913, revolutionised both ballet and orchestral music.This modern approach to ballet broke with artistic tradition and almost brought the house down on the first night - literally. The boos of the audience soon developed into a riot that only calmed down after the police arrived during the intermission. Classical music doesn"t often cause such controversy, but The Rite of Spring is now universally acknowledged as a true work of art.

3-G) After coming second in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest with his song Never Let You Go, Dima Bilan was guaranteed a successful career. What few people expected though, was that he would try again in 2008 and, this time, take first place with Believe. Now with an international career that has him touring worldwide and recording with some of pop music"s most famous names, Dima is the face of Russian pop that brought the Eurovision Song Contest to Moscow in 2009.

4-A) Maya Plisetskaya has been acclaimed as one of the superstars of twentieth century ballet. Having trained from an early age, she first performed with the Bolshoi Ballet at the age of 11 and stayed with them until 1990. Famed for her red hair, graceful movements and electric performances, she impressed the world when she took to the stage in such ballets as Swan Luke and Sleeping Beauty. She has received many honours both at home and abroad. Maya Plisetskaya is the ultimate role-model for all the dancers who have followed in her footsteps.

5-B) Oleg Popov, the Sunshine Clown, trained at the circus school in Moscow and soon became one of the most popular clowns in Russia. Over the course of his career he has received many awards. In 1969, he was honoured as the People"s Artist and in 1981 he received the prestigious Golden Clown of Monte Carlo award. Despite being in his seventies, Oleg still performs both at home and internationally. He says that his goal is to: "create joy, not laughter for its own sake".

6-H) Chelyabinsk Contemporary Dance Theatre has built a reputation on innovative performances that combine dance with elements of theatre. Olga Pona, the group"s choreographer, only became interested in modern dance when she was at university. Her late start hasn"t stopped her from becoming a major name in this genre though. She believes that there are many types of contemporary dance and that allows her to make her own rules for the work she performs. She combines folkdance, modern movement, sound and silence to forge unforgettable performances.

7-F) Mstislav "Slava" Rostropovich was a cellist and composer who inspired entire generations of musicians. Coming from a family of musicians, he soon demonstrated his natural talent with the cello. His remarkable skill was only matched by his genuine compassion for others. The Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation was set up to improve the health of children and to this day it has helped over nine million through immunisation programmes. Rostropovich died in 2007, but his legacy lives on.

Unit 1.6
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

Π Π°Π΄ знакомству.

Π’Ρ‹ считаСтС Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ±Ρƒ? Π’Ρ‹ застСнчивы, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π’Ρ‹ встрСчаСтС ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅? Если Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ, Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΡƒΠΉΡ‚Π΅ΡΡŒ. ИсслСдования ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ людСй СстСствСнно ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Π΄ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ для Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… ΠΈΠ· нас, Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°, Π²ΠΎΡ‚ являСтся быстроС ΠΈ простоС 1) Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡŽΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ экспСрты.
ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ всСго, Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π±Ρ‹Π²Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΡƒΠ»Ρ‹Π±Π½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ. Π£Π»Ρ‹Π±ΠΊΠ° заставляСт всСх ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 2) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡƒ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ впСчатлСния Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ΡΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ имя Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π’Ρ‹ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ встрСтили ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π² Π’Π°ΡˆΠ΅ΠΌ 3) бСсСда. Π’Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ этого посылаСт сигнал, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Ρ‹ Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΡƒΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ всСго, экспСрты ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ 4) Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π° нСподдСльного интСрСса ΠΊ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡƒ. Если Π’Ρ‹ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ вопросы, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡƒΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Π°ΡˆΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡΡ€Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ увСличится. Много людСй испытываСт 5) Π½Π΅Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ бСспокойство, встрСчая Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… людСй. ΠŸΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠΉΡ‚Π΅ послС Π½ΠΈΡ… 6) Ρ†Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ подсказки ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π±Ρ‹Π²Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, вСроятно, Ρ…ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π’Ρ‹ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅!

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

Pleased to meet you.

Do you find it difficult to build friendships? Are you shy when you meet someone for the first time? If so, then don"t worry. Studies show that very few people are naturally gifted when it comes to making friends. So for those of us who have a problem, here is a quick and simple 1) summary of what the experts have to say.
First of all, don"t forget to smile. Smiling makes everyone appear more 2) attractive. It also helps the other person to relax. First impressions are important, so try to remember the name of the person you have just met and use it in your 3) conversation. Doing this sends a signal that you want to get to know the person. Above all, experts stress the 4) importance of showing a genuine interest in the other person. If you ask questions to find out what he or she likes, you will find that your popularity will increase. A lot of people experience 5) unnecessary anxiety when meeting new people. Try following these 6) valuable tips and don"t forget that the other person probably wants to make friends just as much as you do!

Unit 1.9
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

1-D) эй Π”ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈ,
ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, насколько Таль я - Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ я Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Ρ…Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² ΡΠ²Π°Π΄ΡŒΠ±Ρƒ Π’Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°. Π’Ρ‹ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ я Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Ρ…Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ.
2-A) Π£Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ господин / уваТаСмая госпоТа,
Π― ΠΏΠΈΡˆΡƒ Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π’Π°ΡˆΡƒ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡƒ Π² Π³Π°Π·Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ этой Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ для младшСго сСкрСтаря. Π― ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΡΡƒΡŽΡΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΡŒΠ±ΠΎΠΉ этого полоТСния.
3-B) дорогая тСтя Бью,
ΠΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ΡΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ это письмо Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Вас Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎ. Π― ΠΏΠΈΡˆΡƒ Π’Π°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ я Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡΡŒ Π² Π’Π°ΡˆΠ΅ΠΌ совСтС ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ-Ρ‚ΠΎ.
4-C) Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π³-Π½ Π“Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚,
Π― ΠΏΠΈΡˆΡƒ Π’Π°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ я нисколько Π½Π΅ ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ измСнСниями, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ внСсСны Π² спортзалС. Π’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎΠΌ я Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅ надСялся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Ρ…Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² спортзал ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ дСнь. К соТалСнию, это большС Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ мСсто.

ΠžΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Π½ΠΈΡ

A) Π― надСюсь, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Ρ‹ рассмотритС мСня для Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹. Π― Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π» копию своСго Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡŽΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ нСсколько Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… писСм. Π― надСюсь ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ извСстиС ΠΎΡ‚ Вас Π² блиТайшСм Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠ΅ спасибо Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅, Π˜ΡΠΊΡ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅ Π’Π°Ρˆ, КСвин ΠœΠ΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΎΠΊ

B) Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π’Π΅Ρ‚ΡƒΡˆΠΊΠ°, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ Π’Ρ‹ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π― Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ надСюсь, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ мСня. НадСТда скоро ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ извСстиС ΠΎΡ‚ Вас.
Б любовью, Joanie

C) Π― полагаю, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅ΡΡŒ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎ. Π― оТидаю, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Ρ‹ исслСдуСтС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ я описал ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ. Π― надСюсь ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ извСстиС ΠΎΡ‚ Вас Π² блиТайшСм Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ.
Π˜ΡΠΊΡ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅ Π’Π°Ρˆ, Π’Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚ ЀСлпс

D) Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ я сказал ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅, я Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ соТалСю, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Ρ…Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Π½ΠΎ Π’Ρ‹ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ это-... ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²Π΅Ρ‰ΠΈ, просто подходят Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΡŒΡ‚Π΅ΡΡŒ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚.
Π¦Π΅Π»ΡƒΡŽ, Π­Π½Π½ΠΈ

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

1-D) Hey Jenny,
Just wanted to let you know how sorry I am that I couldn"t come to your brother"s wedding. You know that I really wanted to come.
2-A) Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing in response to your advertisement in this week"s paper for a junior secretary. I am very interested in applying for this position.
3-B) Dear Aunt Sue,
Hope this letter finds you well. I"m writing to you because I need your advice about something.
4-C) Dear Mr Grant,
I am writing to you because I am not at all satisfied with the changes that have been made at the gym. In the past I really used to look forward to coming to the gym every afternoon. Unfortunately, this is no longer the case.

A) I hope that you will consider me for the job. I have included a copy of my CV as well as several letters of reference. I look forward to hearing from you in the near future. Thanking you in advance, Yours faithfully, Kevin Murdock

B) So, Auntie, now you know about my problem. I really hope you can help me out. Hope to hear from you soon.
Love, Joanie

C) I trust that you will take my complaints seriously. I expect that you will investigate the problems that I have described and take action to improve the situation. I look forward to hearing from you in the near future.
Yours sincerely, Trent Phelps

D) So, as I said before, I"m really sorry I couldn"t come but you know how it is ... sometimes things just come up out of the blue. Anyway, take care and keep in touch.
Kisses, Annie

Unit 1.10
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

A) Дорогая Π³-ΠΆΠ° Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡ‚,
ΠœΡ‹ пишСм, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π’Π°ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π’Π°Ρˆ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ для нашСго сорСвнования рассказа Π±Ρ‹Π» Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π½ нашими ΡΡƒΠ΄ΡŒΡΠΌΠΈ Π² качСствС прСдставлСнного Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ. ΠŸΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ Π’Ρ‹ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅, Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ нашСго сорСвнования, Π’Π°Ρˆ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ появится Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ выпускС, Он - Π—Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Π–ΠΈΠ·Π½ΡŒ.
ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π’Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Ρ‹ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ· Π·Π° 100€. ΠœΡ‹ Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π’Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² наши офисы, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π’Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π’Π°ΡˆΡƒ Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡŽ для мСстной Π³Π°Π·Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹. ΠŸΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»ΡƒΠΉΡΡ‚Π°, ΡΠ²ΡΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΡΡŒ с нашими офисами, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ Π΄Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΈ врСмя для сСссии Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ. Π’Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ с Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Ρƒ 210 87655544 ΠΎΡ‚ 9 Π΄ΠΎ 5, Π² понСдСльник ΠΊ пятницС.
ΠœΡ‹ надССмся ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ извСстиС ΠΎΡ‚ Вас скоро. Π•Ρ‰Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·, поздравлСния ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽ Π’Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Ρ‹.

B) Π”ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ,
Π’Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ€Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΡΡŒ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ этому! ΠŸΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ сорСвнованиС рассказа я вступил? Π’Ρ‹ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ - ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π» Wonderful Life? Π₯ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎ я ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ»", я Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π²Π·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½, я Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠΆΡƒΡΡŒ Π½Π° ΡΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΠ΅! Мало Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ моя история Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ мСсяца, Π½ΠΎ я Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽ 100 Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎ! Π― Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽ свой рисунок Π² Π³Π°Π·Π΅Ρ‚Π΅. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ мою Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡƒΡŽ Тизнь. Π’Ρ‹ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ уТасно я Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π» ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ писатСлСм. Π― Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ счастлив! Π“ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с Π’Π°ΠΌΠΈ скоро.
Π—Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΡŒΡ‚Π΅ΡΡŒ, Пэм

5) Π”ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠŸΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€,

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π΅Ρ‰ΠΈ с Π’Π°ΠΌΠΈ? Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠ΅ спасибо Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ мСня Π² Π’Π°Ρˆ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ. Π― Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π²Π·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ я Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρƒ ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ! Π•ΡΡ‚ΡŒ всСго ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π΅ Π²Π΅Ρ‰ΠΈ, я Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π» Π±Ρ‹ ΡΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Вас ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ я ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π΄Ρƒ.
Π― задавался вопросом, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ я Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ принСсти со ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, я Π±ΡƒΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ с Π’Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’Ρ‹ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ° Π² это врСмя Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, я ΡƒΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ. Π― Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ принСсти ΠΏΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Ρ‚ Π² случаС, Ссли Π²Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π° Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹? Π§Π΅ΠΌΡƒ Π’Ρ‹ совСтуСтС?
Могли Π’Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅, поТалуйста, Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ прСдставлСниС ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π’Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°? Π― Π±ΡƒΠ΄Ρƒ, вСроятно, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π·ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π’Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ указания Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π’Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡ‚ станции?
Π”Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° письмо скоро ΠΈ, поТалуйста, Π΄Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ поТСлания своим родитСлям. Π― Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ встрСчи с Π’Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ВсСго Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ,
Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

A) Dear Ms Smith,
We are writing to inform you that your entry for our short story competition has been chosen by our judges as the best submitted. As you are aware, being the winner of our competition, your entry will appear in the next issue of It"s a Wonderful Life.
In addition, you also win a €100 cash prize. We would like you to come to our offices to claim your prize and have your photograph taken for the local newspaper. Please contact our offices to arrange for a suitable date and time for the photograph session. You can contact us on 210 87655544 from 9 to 5, Monday to Friday.
We look forward to hearing from you soon. Once again, congratulations on your winning entry.

B) Janie,
You"re not going to believe this! Remember that short story competition I entered? You know the one for It"s a Wonderful Life magazine? Well I won" I"m so excited, I"m on cloud nine! Not only will my story be coming out in next month"s magazine, but I also get 100 euros! I even get my picture in the paper. This could change my whole life. You know how badly I wanted to become a writer. I"m so happy! Talk to you soon.
Take care, Pam

Hi, how are things with you? Thanks so much for inviting me to your house. I"m so excited that I can"t wait! There are just one or two things I"d like to ask you before I come.
I was wondering what clothes I should bring with me for the week I"ll be staying with you. You say the weather is usually good at this time of year, so I"m packing mainly light clothes. Should I bring a pullover and a jacket in case the evenings are chilly? What do you advise?
Could you also please give me some idea of how to get to your house? I"ll probably be coming by train, in which case could you send me some directions on how to reach your house from the station?
Do write back soon and please give my best wishes to your parents. I"m really looking forward to seeing you.
Best wishes,
Robert

Unit 1.12
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

A) Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ вСрсии.

Π”Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈ русского языка Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠ΅, это Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ стандартизированным Π΄ΠΎ 19-ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ столСтия. Одним ΠΈΠ· людСй, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ самоС большоС влияниС 1) Π½Π° русский язык Π±Ρ‹Π» АлСксандр ΠŸΡƒΡˆΠΊΠΈΠ½, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ШСкспир, являСтся ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… писатСлСй, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ язык, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ создал Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ 2) ΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ страну.

Π₯отя стандартному русскому ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ 3) Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Россию ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ РусскоязычныС страны, это Π½Π΅ СдинствСнная Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° языка Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ. Как Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… языков, Ρƒ русского Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Один мСстный Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²Ρ‹ΠΆΠΈΠ» Π² России, Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Varguza. ГоворящиС этого Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡƒΡ‚ Π² дСрСвнях Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ 4) ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΡŒΠ΅ Π‘Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ моря Π½Π° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅ России. Π‘ΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ этого Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ 5) Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ вслСдствиС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ эти Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…, городских Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΉ России ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° лингвистичСских влияний ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ вдоль этих ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΉ.

Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ интСрСсный Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ русского языка - Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ развился Π² соврСмСнныС Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° срСди русских говорящих ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π·Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΉ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ 6) смСсь Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π½ ΠΈ русского. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎ Тизнь ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ способ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π»Π΅Π³Ρ‡Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ астронавтами Π½Π° ΠœΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ космичСской станции, Π½ΠΎ это всС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ принимаСтся 7) Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ русскими говорящими ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ. Π’ Нью-Π™ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠ΅ Π’Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹ ΡƒΡΠ»Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ русских Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ†Π΅Π², Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… appointmyenti (назначСния) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ относящихся ΠΊ syim karti (сим-ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹) Π² ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ…. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ - Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ люди ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ язык, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π² использовании.

B) Π’Π½Π΅ влияний.

Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ, которая сдСлала английский язык сСгодня самым Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡ€, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²Π΅ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅, 1) Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ - рассказ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… 2) вторТСния ΠΎΡ‚ англосаксов Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ†Π°ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ всС оставили 3) Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ английского языка, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ Π½Π° этом говорят сСгодня. Один ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² этого - Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ английский язык всСгда 4) с Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π» слова с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… языков, ΠΈ это - процСсс, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ продолТаСтся ΠΏΠΎ сСй дСнь. Английский заимствовал ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ большоС Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ иностранных слов ΠΈ сдСлал ΠΈΡ… Π΅Π³ΠΎ собствСнным. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ случайная Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° с китайского языка, hoi polloi ΠΎΡ‚ Π³Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ‚ русского ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ всСми словами, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π° английском языкС.

Π―Π·Ρ‹ΠΊ вырос Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ВСликобритания Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·, Π½ΠΎ это Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ измСнилось ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Британской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ старая импСрия распространяла язык Π²ΠΎ всСм ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅, это потСряло ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄ Π½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅. НСзависимо ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π½ пустила ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈ Π², ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ язык Π² мСстах ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ БША ΠΈ Австралия, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ язык, 5), ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ способ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ это использовалось. Π£ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ области Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ свой собствСнный Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ языка, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ΡŒ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π΅ собствСнноС ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ 6) ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚. Π’ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ являСтся Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ, - Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ эти Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ измСнСния Π½Π° языкС Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ влияли, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌ говорят Π½Π° Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π». Английский язык - язык, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ измСняСтся всС врСмя ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ разнообразия Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ.

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

A) Various Versions.

Although standard Russian is taught 3)across Russia and other Russian-speaking countries, it is not the only form of the language there is. Like most other languages, Russian also has many different dialects. One local dialect that has survived in Russia is called Varguza. Speakers of this dialect live in villages along the 4)coast of the White Sea in the Northwest of Russia. The preservation of this dialect may be 5)due to the fact that these villages are quite isolated from the central, urban areas of Russia and because of the linguistic influences from other cultures that trade along these coasts.

Another interesting dialect of the Russian language is one that has evolved in modern times among native Russian speakers living abroad. This dialect is a 6)blend of English and Russian. It began life as a way of making communication easier between astronauts on the International Space Station but it is increasingly being adopted by 7)other native Russian speakers. In New York you might hear Russian-Americans making appointmyenti (appointments) or referring to the syim karti (sim cards) in their mobile phones. This is a good example of how people adapt language to make it more user-friendly.

B) Outside Influences.

Perhaps one of the things that has made the English language today the closest the world has to a lingua franca is its 1) flexibility. The history of Britain is a tale of many 2) invasions, from Anglo Saxons to Vikings and Normans, to name but a few, and they all left a 3) lasting mark on the development of English as it is spoken today. One of the results of this is that English has always 4) readily absorbed words from other languages and this is a process that continues to this day. English has borrowed a very wide variety of foreign words and made them its own. Words like char from Chinese, hoi polloi from Greek and apparatchik from Russian are all words that are commonly used in English.

The language grew not only because Britain was conquered so many times but it also changed because of the British Empire. As the old empire spread the language across the world, it lost control of it too. Whatever part of the world English took root in, as either a native language in places like the US and Australia, or as a second language, the 5) inhabitants changed the way it was used. Each region has its own dialect of the language, which has added new vocabulary and uses its own unique 6) pronunciation or accent. What is fascinating is that these new variations on the language have also influenced how it is spoken in the land it originated in. English is a language that changes continually because of the vast variety of peoples and cultures that use it.

Unit 1.13
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄:

(1886-1947) роТдался Π² Англии, Π½ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ» большСй Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π² АмСрикС. Он ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π» ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡ€Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ€-ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ ΠΈ соСдинил ирландских ΠžΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π²ΠΎ врСмя ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹.
Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π² состоянии Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹, ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ уТасных ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ. ВмСсто Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π», ΠΎΠ½ написал ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ письма ΠΈ истории Π΅Π³ΠΎ дСтям Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ.
Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ истории ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ основаниСм для Π΅Π³ΠΎ самого извСстного Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π°. Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‚Π» (1920).The история ΠΎ дСрСвСнском Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ…. Он ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ способ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ с ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ измСняСт Π΅Π³ΠΎ Тизнь ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ.

Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π”ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‚Π».

"Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠ°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅, Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€, ΠΈ я скаТу Π’Π°ΠΌ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ. Π—Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π»ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ? " спросил ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ³Π°ΠΉ. "Π― Π·Π½Π°Π», Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ³Π°ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ," сказал Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€. "О, ΠΌΡ‹ Π±ΠΎΠ»Ρ‚Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ³Π°ΠΉ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… языках - язык ΠΈ язык ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹ людСй," сказала ПолинСзия Π³ΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΎ. "Если я Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΡŽ, "Полли Ρ…ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€," Π’Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ мСня. Но ΡƒΡΠ»Ρ‹ΡˆΡŒΡ‚Π΅ это: Oi ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ошибки попугая ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ°, сбор сбора?"

"Π₯ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π”ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Ρ‹ΠΉ! " ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π» Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€. "Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ это ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚?"

"Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚, "Π”Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ овсянка горяча ΡƒΠΆΠ΅? " - Π½Π° языкС ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹."

"Мой! Π’Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ! " сказал Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€. "Π’Ρ‹ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅. " "Каково Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹ использованиС? " сказала ПолинСзия. "Π’Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ поняли Π±Ρ‹ мСня, Ссли я ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π». " "Говорят ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ," сказал Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€, всС Π²Π·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅; ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ помчался ΠΊ ящику ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŽΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° ΠΈ возвратился с ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π°Π½Π΄Π°ΡˆΠΎΠΌ. "Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ слишком быстро - ΠΈ я Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡˆΡƒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ интСрСсно - ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ интСрСсный - Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ довольно Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅. Π”Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ABC ΠŸΡ‚ΠΈΡ† сначала - ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒ."

Π’Π°ΠΊ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π» способ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΡƒΠ·Π½Π°Π» это, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ собствСнный язык ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ. И вСсь Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ дСнь ПолинСзия Π΄Π°Π»Π° Π΅ΠΌΡƒ слова ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅. Π§Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ врСмя, с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ попугая, Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π²Ρ‹ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» язык ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ с Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ сам ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ всС, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ сказали. Π’ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ бросил Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ людСй Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅ΠΌΡƒ своих собак, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ съСли слишком ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π°; ΠΈ Ρ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ миль, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠΏΠΏ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Ρ†Ρ‹ со сломанными костями.

ΠžΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ лошадь ΠΏΠ»ΡƒΠ³Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° принСсСна Π΅ΠΌΡƒ; ΠΈ бСдняТка Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° уТасно Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° языкС лошади. "Π’Ρ‹ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚Π΅, Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€," сказал лошадь, "Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ€ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΌΡƒ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅. Π― ΠΈΠ΄Ρƒ слСпой Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π³Π»Π°Π·. Но Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π³Π»ΡƒΠΏΡ‹ΠΉ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΌΡƒ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ смотрСл Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°. Он ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π» Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ большиС Ρ‚Π°Π±Π»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ. Π― попытался ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅ΠΌΡƒ; Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ слово языка лошади. Π’ΠΎ, Π² Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ я Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡΡŒ, являСтся ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π― Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π» Π±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π’Π°ΡˆΠ° - Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ. Они Π½Π΅ допустят солнцС Π² ΠΌΠΎΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ я ΠΏΠ°ΡˆΡƒ ΠŸΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ ΠžΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ. " "ΠšΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ," сказал Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€. "Π—Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π’Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ. " И скоро это стало ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π·Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ носят ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ Π² странС Π²ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³ Puddleby; ΠΈ с Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ€ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ слСпой лошади.

И Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, это Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ со всСми Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ принСсСны Π΅ΠΌΡƒ. Как Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ нашли, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… язык, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ сказали hiiv, Π³Π΄Π΅ боль Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ чувствовали, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ для Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π»Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ…. Всякий Ρ€Π°Π·, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π»ΡŽΠ±Ρ‹Π΅ сущСства Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π»ΠΈ - Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ лошади ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ ΠΈ собаки, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ всС нСбольшиС Π²Π΅Ρ‰ΠΈ областСй, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠΈ ΠΈ водяныС крысы, барсуки ΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ‚ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠΈ - ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ сразу Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΊΡ€Π°ΡŽ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ большой сад ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ всСгда пСрСполнялся ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ.

Как Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° с обСзьяной Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ. Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π» сразу, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π» слишком Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΈ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π±Ρ‹Π» грязСн ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ ΡƒΠ±Ρ€Π°Π» ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΡŒΡΠ½Ρƒ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ†Π°, Π΄Π°Π» Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡƒ шиллинг ΠΈ сказал Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ. Π”Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Π° стала ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ сСрдитой ΠΈ сказала, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π» Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΡŒΡΠ½Ρƒ. Но Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» Π±Ρ‹ Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΈ сказал, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΎΠ± обСзьянС с Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ€. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠ½Π΅Ρ† ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π», говоря, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Π΅Ρ‰ΠΈ ΠΈ обСзьяна ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ с Π”ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‚Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ. Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ "ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ" - ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ, Π½Π° языкС ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΡŒΡΠ½Ρ‹, "ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡ€Π΅" срСдств.

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»:

(1886-1947) was born in England but lived most of his life in America. He spent many years travelling the world as a civil engineer and joined the Irish Guards to fight in World War I.
While he was at war he saw many horrible and shocking things. Instead of writing about what he saw, he wrote imaginative letters and stories to his children back home.
These stories about animals were the basis for his most famous novel. Doctor Dolittle (1920).The story is about a village doctor who loves animals. He has many pets and discovers a way to communicate with animals, which changes his life completely.

"Now listen, Doctor, and I"ll tell you something. Did you know that animals can talk?" asked the parrot. "I knew that parrots can talk," said the Doctor. "Oh, we parrots can talk in two languages -people"s language and bird-language," said Polynesia proudly. "If I say, "Polly wants a cracker," you understand me. But hear this: Ka-ka oi-ee, fee-fee?"

"Good Gracious!" cried the Doctor. "What does that mean?"

"That means, "Is the porridge hot yet?" - in bird-language."

"My! You don"t say so!" said the Doctor. "You never talked that way to me before." "What would have been the use?" said Polynesia. "You wouldn"t have understood me if I had." "Tell me some more," said the Doctor, all excited; and he rushed over to the dresser-drawer and came back with a book and a pencil. "Now don"t go too fast - and I"ll write it down. This is interesting - very interesting - something quite new. Give me the Birds" ABC first - slowly now."

So that was the way the Doctor came to know that animals had a language of their own and could talk to one another. And all that afternoon Polynesia gave him bird words to put down in the book. After a while, with the parrot"s help, the Doctor learnt the language of the animals so well that he could talk to them himself and understand everything they said. Then he gave up being a people"s doctor altogether. Old ladies began to bring him their pet dogs who had eaten too much cake; and farmers came many miles to show him cows which had the flu, and sheep with broken bones.

One day a plough-horse was brought to him; and the poor thing was terribly glad to find a man who could talk in horse-language. "You know, Doctor," said the horse, "that vet over the hill knows nothing at all. I am going blind in one eye. But that stupid man over the hill never even looked at my eyes. He kept on giving me big pills. I tried to tell him; but he couldn"t understand a word of horse-language. What I need is spectacles. I would like a pair like yours - only green. They"ll keep the sun out of my eyes while I"m ploughing the Fifty-Acre Field." "Certainly," said the Doctor. "Green ones you shall have." And soon it became a common sight to see farm-animals wearing glasses in the country round Puddleby; and from then on there was never a blind horse.

And so it was with all the other animals that were brought to him. As soon as they found that he could talk their language, they told hiiv where the pain was and how they felt, and of course it was easy for him to cure them. Whenever any creatures got sick - not only horses and cows and dogs, but all the little things of the fields, like harvest mice and water voles, badgers and bats - they came at once to his house on the edge of the town, so his big garden was nearly always crowded with animals trying to get in to see him.

Once an Italian organ grinder came round with a monkey on a string. The Doctor saw at once that the monkey"s collar was too tight and that he was dirty and unhappy. So he took away the monkey from the Italian, gave the man a shilling and told him to go away. The organ grinder got very angry and said that he wanted to keep the monkey. But the Doctor wouldn"t let him and said he would look after the monkey from then on. So the Italian went away saying rude things and the monkey stayed with Doctor Dolittle and had a good home. The other animals in the house called him "Chee-Chee" -which, in monkey-language, means "ginger".

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  3. Starlight 11 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 11 класс ).

    11 класс ). Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ - Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” ., ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’.Π’. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. cΠΊΠ°Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² PDF.

    Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ (Student’s Book ) являСтся основным ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ УМК Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ для учащихся 11 класса ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ школ с ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ...

    11klasov.ru
  4. Π‘Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π° | Π’ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅

    Oid=-45671400&p=Starlight Starlight 11 Авторы: Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° КсСния, Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π”ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈ, ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Виктория, ΠœΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ€ΡƒΠ΄ Радислав, Эванс ВирдТиния Аудиозаписи ΠΊ Student"s Book Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Student"s Book (+Audio) Teacher "s Book Test Booklet Teacher "s Notes.

    vk.com
  5. Π‘ΠΊΠ°Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ бСсплатно Starlight 11 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 11 класс ).

    11 класс ).

    Книга для учитСля являСтся составной Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ УМК Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» (β€œStarlight ”) для 11 класса ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ школ с ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ английского языка ΠΈ...

    zubrila.net
  6. Английский язык Starlight 11 класс Книга для учитСля...

    Книга для учитСля 11 класса Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ , Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ , ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. ΠΏΠΎ английскому языку являСтся Π½Π΅ΠΎΡ‚ΡŠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ УМК Β«Starlight 11 -Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» для ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ с ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ английскому языку .

    skachaj24.ru
  7. Английский язык 11 класс Starlight 11 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский )...

    Teacher ’s Book . Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° , Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ , ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° .

    Π‘Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Н.И., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π”ΠΆ. Π’ΠŸΠ . Английский язык . 11 класс . 200 Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠΉ сборник Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚.

    znayka.pro
  8. РСшСбник Π“Π”Π— Starlight 11 класс Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° "Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ..."

    РСшСбник ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ английскому языку 11 класс ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ бСсплатно, teacher book ΠΊ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Starlight 11 класс Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° , Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ с Π³Π΄Π· ΠΊ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π·Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский .

    Teacher "s Book . Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” ., ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’.Π’. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.

    5urokov.ru
  9. Π‘ΠΊΠ°Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ бСсплатно Starlight 11 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 11 класс ).

    ZUBRILA.NET Английский язык Starlight Starlight 11 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский .

    Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ (Student’s Book ) являСтся основным ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ УМК Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ для учащихся 11 класса ...

    zubrila.net
  10. Starlight 11 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 11 класс ). Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ. Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° ...

    Английский язык . Главная страница (Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅).

    11 класс ). Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ. Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” ., ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’.Π’. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.

    Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ (Student’s Book ) являСтся основным ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ УМК Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ для учащихся 11 класса ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…...

    alleng.org
  11. Starlight 11 . (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 11 класс ) ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅...

    11 класс ) ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ задания. Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” . ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.

    Π‘Π±ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ для учащихся, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ УМК сСрии Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» для 11 класса ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ школ с ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ английского ...

    alleng.org
  12. Английский язык Starlight 11 класс Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ - Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° , Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ ...

    Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ 11 класса Starlight Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° , Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. слуТит Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ

    Π‘ΠΊΠ°Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ мСтодичСскиС пособия Π² элСктронном Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ

    ВмСстС с Β«ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Starlight 11 класса Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ , Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ , ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. ΠΏΠΎ английскому языку Β» ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚

    skachaj24.ru
  13. Starlight 11 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 11 класс ). Рабочая Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡŒ.

    11 класс ). Рабочая Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡŒ. Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” . ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.

    Рабочая Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡŒ являСтся ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ УМК сСрии Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» для учащихся 11 класса ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ школ с ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ английского языка ΠΈ...

    alleng.org
  14. Starlight Starter (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский для Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…).

    Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” ., ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’.Π’. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. М.: 2013, - 160 с. Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ являСтся основным элСмСнтом ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-мСтодичСского ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° сСрии Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» для Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ….

    Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€: 23,5 Мб. Π‘ΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ, ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ : drive.google ; Rghost.

    alleng.org
  15. Π‘ΠΊΠ°Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Starlight 11 . Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 11 класс .

    11 класс . Книга для учитСля (Teacher "s Book ) - Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” . - 2011Π³.

    Книга для учитСля являСтся составной Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ УМК Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» (β€œStarlight ”) для 11 класса ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ школ с ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ английского языка ΠΈ...

    www.mathsolution.ru
  16. Starlight 11 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 11 класс ). Teacher ’s Book .

    11 класс ). Teacher ’s Book . Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” ., ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’.Π’. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.

    Книга для учитСля являСтся составной Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ УМК Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский Β» (β€œStarlight ”) для 11 класса ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ школ с ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ английского языка ΠΈ...

    gdzklass.com
  17. Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ Английский язык 11 класс К.М. Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° , Π”ΠΆ. Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ ...

    Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° 11 класс > Английский язык > К.М. Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° , Π”ΠΆ. Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ , Π’.Π’. ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° .

    ПослС Ρ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° β€œΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ учСбник” ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ пособиС Π½Π° свой ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ мобильноС устройство.

    Если Π²Ρ‹ случайно Π·Π°Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ Английский язык 11 класс К.М. Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° , Π”ΠΆ.

    vklasse.online
  18. Starlight 11 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 10 класс ). Teacher "s Book .

    Teacher "s Book . Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” ., ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’.Π’. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.

    Линия УМК Β«Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский (10-11 )Β» Книга

    alleng.org
  19. Starlight 10 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский . 10 класс ). Teacher "s Book ...

    Линия УМК Β«Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский (10-11 )Β» Книга для учитСля прСдставляСт собой ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ с вписанными Π² упраТнСния ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ

    Главная Β» Английский язык Β» Starlight 10 (Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский .

    Teacher "s Book - Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π” ., ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’.Π’. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. cΠΊΠ°Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² PDF.

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  26. Π“Π”Π— - Английский язык 11 класс Starlight 11 Teacher "s Book .

Teacher’s Notes

Virginia Evans Jenny Dooley

Ksenia Baranova Victoria Kopylova

Radislav Millrood

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................

Answer Section .............................................................................................................................................................................

Interlocutor Cards ......................................................................................................................................................................

Tapescripts ......................................................................................................................................................................................

Workbook Key ..............................................................................................................................................................................

Workbook Tapescripts ..............................................................................................................................................................

Introduction to the Teacher

Starlight 11 is a modular secondary level course for learners studying English at B2 level.

It is ideally suited to students preparing for the Russian National Examination in English. It also aims to develop well-rounded language competence which fully meets the criteria of B2 level, and it provides an invaluable learning foundation for students preparing for any typical B2-oriented exam.

According to the European Framework of Reference, students at level B2 are able, among other things, to: understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics; interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes interaction with native speakers quite possible; produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects; and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue, giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.

Starlight 11 aims at the balanced development of all four language skills, while allowing for a flexibility of approach which makes it suitable for all classes, including large or mixed-ability classes.

The course incorporates both a cross-cultural and cross-curricular approach, and its syllabus reflects the guidelines of the Council of Europe Framework.

The coursebook consists of five modules of 30-32 pages each, covering a wide variety of topics. The Workbook provides supplementary practice in the full range of relevant language skills.

Course Components

Student’s Book

The Student’s Book is the main component of the course. It consists of five modules of thirteen or fourteen units each. Each unit is based on a single theme and covers a wide variety of related topics. All units follow the same basic format (See Elements of the Coursebook) .

Teacher’s Book &Teacher’s Notes

The Teacher’s version of the coursebook reproduces the Student’s version, overprinted with a Key to the exercises. Longer answers which cannot fit on the overprinted page are contained in the Answer Section of these Teacher’s Notes (pp. 19-71), together with the Interlocutor Cards for RNE Speaking tasks (pp. 72-77).

The Teacher’s Notes also contains a full Key to the exercises in the Workbook (pp. 106-128), as well as tapescripts of all listening material in the Student’s book (pp. 78-105) and the Workbook (pp. 129-139).

The notes entitled Teaching Starlight 11 provide outlines of the format of each section in a module, plus detailed, step-by-step suggestions on how to teach each

exercise in Module 1. (Naturally, teachers may choose to omit, extend or adapt any of the material in the Student’s Book at their discretion, to suit the particular needs of their class.)

In addition, there is a section entitled General Teaching Techniques which deals with issues such as how to present new vocabulary, correct students’ errors, and so on; there is also a section entitledTypes of Learning Styles , which describes the various learning aptitudes different students exhibit, and how these may be catered for.

The Workbook consists of five modules, which complement the themes and content of the corresponding modules in the Student’s Book, and contain elements specifically designed to extend and consolidate learning through a wide variety of tasks. Each module contains seven two-page sections: three Reading & Vocabulary sections, Listening & Speaking, Use of English,Writing and Vocabulary & Grammar.

As mentioned above, the Key to all exercises in the Workbook are contained in this Teacher’s Book.

The Test Booklet contains 5 tests, each in two separate parts, A and B.

Part A of each test is Vocabulary & Grammar; this includes a range of exercises similar to those in the Progress Check sections as well as RNE type tasks, to revise and test elements of vocabulary and grammar covered in the relevant module of the coursebook.

Part B of each test is Reading and Writing; this includes an exam-style reading task based on a text of approximately 500 to 600 words, and an exam-style writing task.

The Test Booklet is available in electronic form and includes a full Key to all tests, as well as model answers for the Writing section.

Interactive WhiteBoard

The Starlight 11 Interactive WhiteBoard software utilises the highly successful IWB program architecture developed by Express Publishing.

The software enables the teacher to present the course material, page by page and/or exercise by exercise, with a variety of electronic tools which allow significantly enhanced student involvement in the learning process and a far greater degree of flexibility in using the course material in the classroom.

The software contains all course material, printed and recorded, contained in the Student’s Book.

The Class Audio CDs contain all the recorded material which accompanies the course. This includes the recorded texts of all reading passages in the units and in the Across Cultures, Literature and Green Issues/ Curricular Cut sections, as well as the recorded material for all dialogues, in addition to the material used in the listening tasks.

Elements of the coursebook

Each module contains the elements described below. In addition, it is important to note certain incorporated features of the organisation of the course.

Holistic language learning

Each unit includes integrated practice of all four language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking).

Heuristic skills

These are practised at various points in each module, where students are required to carry out research, mainly on the Internet, in order to complete structured projects.

Active learner input

This is encouraged by asking students to contribute their own knowledge, opinions and suggestions; in particular, tasks marked Think! require students to offer personal input in pairwork and class discussion.

The Modular page is found at the beginning of each module and aims at capturing students’ interest and motivating them to become involved in the units. Students are introduced to the main theme of the module and the topics of the units, and given the opportunity to familiarise themselves with their content.

Each module contains three units whose primary focus is Reading.

Each of these units features a different type of reading task reflecting one of those in the Russian National Exam, and is based on a text of approximately 500 to 600 words. These texts are drawn from a variety of appropriate authentic sources.

Each text is preceded by a Lead-in segment – that is, one or two warm-up exercises designed to prepare students for the reading by encouraging speculation, brainstorming the topic, activating passive vocabulary and so on, with the visual aid of engaging colour photographs or illustrations.

Each exam-oriented segment is followed by one or two tasks which develop specific reading skills such as skimming and scanning, while exploiting vocabulary presented in the text.

The unit concludes with more open-ended practice in the three other skills (Listening, Speaking and Writing) to ensure consolidation of learning and the wellrounded integration of language skills.

Vocabulary & Grammar

Each Reading unit is followed by a related unit whose primary focus is Vocabulary & Grammar.

The target language areas, first presented in a meaningful context in the preceding unit, are practised and extended through a variety of exercises.

By developing the students’ ability to use the vocabulary and grammar in an integrated range of skills, this systematically improves their performance in each part of the exam.

There is also a complete Grammar Reference section at the back of the Student’s Book, which offers detailed presentation of all grammar items in each module of the coursebook (see Appendices to the Student’s Book ).

Each module includes a double-page Listening unit.

Students develop their listening skills through a variety of tasks which reinforce their mastery of the language taught in the unit.

In preparation for exam-specific practice, students complete manageable tasks which activate passive vocabulary, invite them to think and talk about the topic, and systematically develop sub-skills such as listening for gist or specific information.

The listening tasks all replicate authentic spoken English and feature a range of genuine native-speaker accents.

Each module includes a double-page Speaking unit.

Students develop their speaking skills through a range of tasks which focus on specific functions, such as exchanging and justifying opinions and ideas, comparing and contrasting, agreeing and disagreeing, and so on.

In preparation for exam-specific practice, students complete manageable tasks which provide them with appropriate vocabulary and a range of suitable expressions; this process is reinforced with visual aids, and listening tasks which also serve as models of spoken performance for students to follow.

Each module includes two or three double-page Writing units.

The writing sections have been carefully designed to ensure that students develop their writing skills in a systematic manner.

The first Writing unit in each module begins with a presentation in overview form of the theory relevant to a particular type of writing.

The rubric for a particular writing task is accompanied by a model text, and both the rubric and text are thoroughly analysed. Students then practise the language and structural devices to be used. All activities lead the students to the final task, which follows a clear plan and is based on the model text provided.

All writing tasks are based on authentic types and styles of writing, including letters and emails (both formal and informal), as well as a variety of argumentative essays.

In addition, each unit contains a number of short writing tasks.

Everyday English

A number of Vocabulary & Grammar units include an exercise under the heading of Everyday English.

These exercises practise the relevant vocabulary by means of a speaking task which focuses on colloquial expressions related to a particular function, such as offers and refusals, recommendations and so on.

In addition to consolidating learning of the vocabulary involved, these tasks provide students with guided practice in communicative elements required at CEF Level B2.

A number of Study Skills tips are included in the course, each dealing with a particular skill or strategy, to help students become autonomous learners.

This portion of the module presents the students with a variety of authentic texts on cross-cultural and crosscurricular topics.

The Across Cultures sections give students information, thematically linked to the module, about an aspect of Russian culture compared to the same aspect in cultures from a range of English-speaking countries. The section contains related reading and vocabulary tasks, and a project which gives students the chance to process information they have learnt and to appreciate cultural diversity in the context of their own heritage.

The Literature sections each present a carefully adapted extract from an appropriate work of literature. In addition to an RNE-related reading task, the section contains a short biography of the author, vocabulary exercises, a creative spoken or written task to allow students to personalise the material, and more.

The Green Issues/Curricular Cut sections reflect the fact that the study of English extends beyond language learning as an end in itself. Language is used as a tool for

exploring ecological and interdisciplinary themes which are relevant to the students’ status as citizens of the planet and as successful learners of subjects other than English. Each section is based on an appropriate text, accompanied by a varied range of exercises which include Listening, Speaking and Writing skills.

Additional Material

Progress Check sections

These reinforce students’ understanding of the topics, vocabulary and structures which have been presented in the module.

They are found at the end of each module and help students monitor their own progress. The students’ achievements in meeting the objectives of the module are clearly stated at the end of each Progress Check section.

Focus on RNE sections

Each of these 3-page sections contains a selection of exam-specific tasks from all five parts of the RNE.

Appendices to the Student’s Book

The Grammar Reference section contains detailed presentation of all the grammar items featured in each module of the coursebook.This resource can be used both in the classroom and at home as a guide.

The Further Writing Practicesection features fully-guided practice in various types of writing such as reports/proposals articles and reviews.

A comprehensive list of Phrasal Verbs contains over 300 entries with definitions and examples.Two further lists –Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions andPrepositional Phrases – provide an accessible learning resource to help students master this notoriously troublesome feature of English language learning.

A list of Irregular Verbs provides students with a quick reference resource for irregular verb forms they might be unsure of at times.

Teaching Starlight 11

The teaching notes below refer largely to Module 1, but the same organisation, procedures and techniques also apply to the other modules, which are based on the same pattern. Slight differences of approach or organisation in later modules will be pointed out in a special note.

Introducing the module

Ask students to turn to p. 5. Explain that each module of the coursebook begins with a single-page introduction and overview. The title of the module describes the general theme unifying the contents of the various units. Elicit or explain the meaning of the title, and ask students to suggest examples of methods of communication.

Ask students to look at photograph 1 and then find which unit it appears in (Unit 2, p. 8) . Ask two or three students around the class to describe the picture and identify what the unit appears to be about. Help them with vocabulary if necessary. Repeat this procedure for photographs 2-5, trying to ensure that as many students as possible are given the chance to contribute.

Ask students to look at the box with four bullet points; elicit or explain the meaning of any unfamiliar vocabulary (see General Teaching Techniques , below) . Ask students to work in pairs or small groups and find the page number(s) for each item. Point out that they do not have time to read in detail, but should usescanning

(glancing at each page to find a particular word in the headings and captions) and skimming (β€˜reading’ a text rapidly to get a general idea of what it is about, without thinking about the meaning of every word). Allow students about 5 minutes to complete the task, and then invite answers from pairs around the class.

Ask students to look at the next four headings which explain what they will do in this module. Finally, briefly explain what the three Further Reading sections involve

(see Elements of the coursebookfor the rationale behind these sections) .

Unit 1.1 (Reading)

Each Reading unit (Units 1, 3 and 5) follows this outline:

Lead-in

Students are asked to complete a number of prereading tasks which get them thinking and talking about the topic, activate passive vocabulary and exploit students’ existing knowledge.

These tasks may involve describing and discussing photographs, expressing a personal opinion, predicting the content of the reading passage, listening to the text to confirm predictions, and so on.

Main reading task

Students then complete a reading task reflecting one of the task types in the Russian National Exam. Each Reading unit in a module practises a different task type. Before students practise a task type for the first time, they are given a Study Skills tip which outlines reading skills, strategies and techniques appropriate to the task.

Exploiting the text

Students are asked to complete one or two tasks involving vocabulary items which have been presented in context in the passage. These tasks include explaining the meaning of certain words, matching words to their definitions and completing collocations.

Students then practise using the vocabulary items by making sentences with them.

Personalisation, extension & skills integration

To conclude the unit, students complete two or three open-ended tasks which provide practice in at least two of the three other skills (Listening, Speaking and Writing).

In addition to asking students to explain the main points of the text in their own words, these tasks move beyond the parameters of the reading passage itself, and involve students expressing a personal, imaginative response.

Ask students to turn to p. 6 and look at the pictures and the title of the text.

Ask students to make suggestions about who they think the man in the pictures is.Ask different students around the class to answer each of the questions.

Ask students to read the title of the text and answer the question. Elicit or explain the meaning of the title. Ask different students around the class how they think the character is related to the text. Then ask all students to read the text quickly to check if their guesses were correct.

Now that students have some idea of what the text is about, present the rubric and check that all students understand what the exam-oriented task requires. Ask students around the class to read the Study Skills tip aloud. Elicit or explain the meaning of the terms used. Ask students to read the statement stems and choices. (Since this is the first module, elicit or explain the meaning of any unfamiliar vocabulary these contain; in later modules this degree of help may be reduced.) You may also decide to complete the first item with the class as an example, or at least to give them close guidance.

Ask students to identify which part of the text contains the answer (paragraph 1), read it carefully and then check each choice. Elicit whether each choice is correct or incorrect, and why (A & D – my interest was sparked by a favourite professor ... He mentioned β€˜Pinocchio Syndrome’ to me; B – if you think someone is not being absolutely honest ... like my professor you should ... C – this little example on non verbal communication inspired me to become a body language expert ) . Ask students to complete the rest of the task, and remind them not to worry about the meaning of a word or phrase unless it is directly related to the answer. Check students’ answers, and discuss each of the answers in the way described above for the first item.

Ask students to match the words to their definitions; you may prefer them to do the exercise in pairs or small groups. Advise them to begin with the words and phrases they understand or feel confident of deducing from the context, and then to use a process of elimination to find the remaining answers. Check their answers. In their pairs or groups, students should then explain the underlined words/phrases from the text. This can be done from the context or by using an English to English dictionary

Ask students to complete the exercise by scanning the text to find the relevant words or phrases. Check their answers, and then elicit or explain the meaning of each phrase. Finally, ask students to make sentences using the phrases (you may decide to assign this as written homework to be handed in or checked at the start of the next lesson).

Read out the rubric and suggest that students mark the sections of the text that indicate how the writer feels about his job. Play the recording. Then ask students to discuss their answers in pairs or groups. Confirm the answers with the class.

Students then discuss in pairs why they would or would not choose to do this kind of job.Ask different students around the class to give their answers.

Exercise 7 Project

Present the task and elicit suggestions as to what gestures are used to express each emotion listed and any other emotions. Elicit suggestions of where information can be found (e.g. the internet).

When you feel sure that students can cope with the task, assign it as homework to be completed before a fixed deadline which you feel is reasonable (e.g. by the next lesson, in one week, etc).

Unit 1.2 (Vocabulary & Grammar)

Each Vocabulary & Grammar unit (Units 2, 4 and 6) follows this outline:

Students are asked to complete a number of vocabulary-related tasks which develop vocabulary sets related to a theme or themes introduced in the preceding unit.

Students complete tasks based on one or two grammar points, which are fully presented and explained in the Grammar Reference appendix (see Elements of the Coursebook ) .

Exam-based practice

The grammar and/or vocabulary exercises include one or more tasks of a type found in the RNE, or which practise a skill or sub-skill necessary to the successful completion of a particular RNE task type.

Extension & skills integration

Students practise the relevant vocabulary and grammar items in the context of at least one skills-related task (Listening, Speaking, Writing) and/or a segment entitled Everyday English, which focuses on colloquial expressions related to a particular function.

Ask students to turn to p. 8.Exercise 1

Read out the phrase β€˜wrinkled forehead’ and make the expression yourself to illustrate meaning. Elicit the difference between β€˜red face’ and β€˜blushing’ (it depends on how the person is feeling). Ask different students to read out the phrases and to do or mime the action.

Ask students to discuss how each person is feeling in closed pairs. Check the answers with the class.

Elicit or explain the meaning of any unfamiliar words in the list. Ask students to complete the sentences, and then to check their answers in pairs. Confirm the correct answers with the class.

Ask students to complete as much of the task as they can, in pairs or small groups. Check students’ answers around the class, and then elicit or explain the meaning of any unfamiliar vocabulary. Ask students to use their dictionaries if necessary. Help students to explain how the incorrect words in each sentence may be used correctly, and to form correct sentences using these words. Finally, elicit how the sentences would be expressed in Russian.

Ask students to look up the words in their dictionaries, and then to close their dictionaries and demonstrate the meaning of each word to their partner in closed pairs. Check students’ answers.

Explain the exam-oriented task and point out that the four answer choices for each gap are often very similar in meaning, but that only one agrees with the grammar and/or meaning of the sentence. Ask students to read the text and complete the task, and then to check their answers in pairs. Check the answers with the class and then elicit or explain the meaning of any unfamiliar vocabulary.

Ask students to read the grammar presentation on p.161 and invite students to ask for clarification of anything they are unsure about.

Read the rubric for ex. 6 (p. 9) and ask students to complete the task. Check the answers with the class. You may like to extend the exercise by encouraging discussion about the ideas expressed in the sentences in pairs, groups or the whole class.

Ask students to complete the task individually. Move around the class helping with vocabulary as necessary. Finally, ask students to compare their sentences in closed pairs, correcting each other’s sentences if necessary. Check students answers.

Present the task and emphasise that a) the word in bold may not be changed in any way, and b) students must not use more than five words in each gap. Complete the first item with the class, as an example. Ask students to complete the rest of the task, and then to check their answers in pairs. Check the answers with the class.

Unit 1.3 (Reading)

Ask students to turn to p. 10 and look at the pictures and the title of the text. Elicit or explain the meaning of any unfamiliar vocabulary in the title.

Ask students to look at the pictures again and think how they are related. Ask students to ask and answer the questions in closed pairs.

Ask the students to ask and answer the questions in closed pairs or groups. Play the recording for students to listen. Check the answers with the class.

Read out the quote.Ask students to discuss the meaning in closed pairs.Then put closed pairs into small groups to exchange their ideas. Move around the class monitoring the discussions and correcting or assisting students.

Present the rubric and check that all students understand what the exam-oriented task requires. Ask students around the class to read the Study Skills tip aloud. Elicit or explain the meaning of the terms used. Ask students to read the text through once forgist (the general meaning) . You may decide to complete the first item with the class as an example. Ask students to complete the rest of the task, and remind them not to worry about the meaning of a word or phrase unless it is directly related to the answer. When the students have finished the task, ask them to compare answers in pairs, giving reasons for their choices. Check that all students now have the correct answers, and that they understand the reason(s) why each is correct.

Elicit the meaning of the words in bold. Ask students to use the words in sentences of their own. (You may decide to assign this as written homework to be handed in or checked at the start of the next lesson.)

Ask students to complete the exercise by scanning the text to find the relevant words or phrases. Check their answers, and then elicit or explain the meaning of each phrase. Finally ask students to make sentences using the phrases. (You may decide to assign this as written homework to be handed in or checked at the start of the next lesson.)

Read out the rubric. Play the recording for students to listen to as they read the text again. Ask students to mark where, in the text, the writer gives reasons for the popularity of such events. Then ask students to discuss their answers in closed pairs. Finally ask students to present their findings to the class.

Read out the sentence and ask students to spend three minutes writing a few sentences on the topic. After three minutes ask the students to stop writing.Ask each student to read out their sentences to the class. Make notes of any errors and when the student has finished speaking these can be presented to the student for self correction. Ask the class to help with the corrections if necessary.

Finally ask the students to translate the first three paragraphs of the text into Russian. (You may decide to assign this as written homework to be handed in or checked at the start of the next lesson.)

Read out the rubric and invite suggestions from students around the class about how to begin and end an email and the types of sentences to include. When you feel sure that students can cope with the task, assign it as written homework to be handed in or checked at the start of the next lesson.

Unit 1.4 (Vocabulary & Grammar)

Ask students to turn to p. 12.Exercise 1

Ask students to choose the correct word to complete each sentence. Check the answers with the class, and then elicit or explain the meaning of any words which the students still don’t understand.

Ask students to complete the task. Remind them to consider if the verb is regular or irregular and use the correct form of the verb for the context i.e. to use the correct tense, the infinitive, a participle, etc.

Check the answers with the class.Exercise 3

Ask students to complete as much of the task as they can, in pairs or small groups. Check students’ answers around the class, and then elicit or explain the meaning of any unfamiliar vocabulary.

Optional extension: Ask students to explain how the incorrect words in each sentence may be used correctly, and to form correct sentences using these words. Students can use their dictionaries if necessary.

Finally ask the students to translate the sentences into Russian (this could be done as a homework task if you prefer).

Ask students to complete the sentences, and then to check their answers in pairs. Confirm the correct answers with the class. Then ask the students to make sentences using the incorrect words.

Ask the students to complete the sentences, and then to check their answers in pairs. Confirm the correct answers with the class.

Ask students to match the places of entertainment to the activities. Elicit the answer to number 1 as an example then ask the students to complete the rest. Check the answers with the class.

Then ask students to make sentences using their own ideas. Read out the example and then move around the class helping with any vocabulary and checking their answers.

Present the task and help open pairs of students to complete the first few exchanges.Ask students to repeat the whole task in closed pairs.

Ask an open pair to present the joke by reading the dialogue.Ask closed pairs to discuss why they think Sally cried. Check answers with the class.

Present the rubric and check that all students understand what the exam-oriented task requires. Ask students around the class to read the Study Skills tip aloud. Elicit or explain the meaning of the terms used.

Complete the first item with the class as an example. Ask students to complete the rest of the task. Check the answers with the class.

As an optional extension exercise, elicit word families based on the given word. e.g. universe (n), universal (adj), universally (adv)

Unit 1.5 (Reading)

Ask students to turn to p. 14 and look at the pictures. Elicit that they each show a different kind of entertainer.Exercise 1

Ask students to read the title on p. 14 and in groups to ask and answer the questions. Move around the class and monitor the activity.

Ask students to ask and answer the questions in closed pairs. Ask different students around the class for their ideas.

Read out the rubric and check that students understand the meaning of the words mime ,ballet andconcert .

Play the recording for students to listen and match the speakers to the performance. Check answers with the class.

Present the rubric and check that all students understand what the exam-oriented task requires. Read out the list of headings and elicit or explain the meaning of any unfamiliar vocabulary. Ask students to read the texts through once for gist.You may decide to complete the first item with the class as an example.Ask students to complete the rest of the task, and remind them not to worry about the meaning of a word or phrase unless it is directly related to the answer. When the students have finished the task, ask them to compare answers in pairs. Check that all students now have the correct answers, and that they understand the reason(s) why each is correct.

Ask students to complete the exercise by scanning the text to find the relevant words or phrases. Check their answers, and then elicit or explain the meaning of each phrase. Finally, ask students to make sentences using the phrases. (You may decide to assign this as written homework to be handed in or checked at the start of the next lesson.)

Ask students to read the definitions and then complete the exercise by scanning the text to find the relevant words or phrase.

As an optional extension to the exercise or as homework activity, ask students to write sentences of their own using the words.

Read out the rubric. Play the recording for students to listen to as they read the extracts again.Ask the class to do the task in closed pairs. Move around the class to monitor the pair-work activity, correcting and/or providing help with vocabulary where necessary.

Ask students to translate extracts 3 and 5 into Russian (you may decide to assign this as written homework to be checked at the beginning of the next lesson).

Read out the rubric and then give students three minutes to write. Then ask the students to read their piece of writing to their partner. Ask students to check their partners’ writing to see if they can spot any mistakes. Check students’ answers.

Unit 1.6 (Vocabulary & Grammar)

Ask students to turn to p. 16.Exercise 1

Ask students to choose the correct word to complete each sentence, and then to check their answers by using their dictionaries. Check the answers with the class, and then elicit or explain the meaning of any words the students still don’t understand.

a) Present the task and elicit the answer to the first item as an example. Ask students to complete the task and remind them to add three more pairs to the list. Check answers with the class and ask students to read out their pairs of opposites.

b) Read out the rubric and ask students to complete

the task. Check answers with the class.Exercise 3

Read out the rubric and ask an open pair of students to provide an example.Ask students to continue the task in closed pairs. Move around the class to monitor the pairwork.

Ask students in closed pairs to complete the task. Move around the class and monitor the activity. Check answers with the class. Finally ask students to read the questions (1-3) and decide with their partner which idiom would be appropriate in each situation. Check answers with the class.

Ask students to complete the task and then to check their answers in Appendix ll. Check the answers with the class. Elicit corrected sentences from students who don’t agree with the sentences.

Ask students to complete the task and then to check their answers in Appendix l.

Check the answers with the class.Then ask students to make sentences using the other particle. Check students’ answers around the class.

Ask students to check the grammar presentation on pp. 162-163 about clauses of result, purpose and reason and invite students to ask for clarification of anything they are unsure about. Then ask students to complete exercise 7 (p.17).

a) Ask students to read the dialogue. Elicit how speaker B feels (e.g. disappointed, depressed, distressed).

b) Present the task and help open pairs of students to act out the first few exchanges. Ask students to complete all five exchanges in closed pairs. Go round the class monitoring the pair-work and helping with pronunciation or corrections.

Present the task and check that all students understand what the exam-oriented task requires. Students can look again at the Study Skills tip on p. 13 if necessary. Ask students to complete the task individually. Check the answers with the class.

As an optional extension exercise, elicit word families based on the given word e.g. attract (v), attractive (adj), attractively (adv), attraction (n), unattractive (adj).

Ask students to complete the task. Explain to students that this task requires their personal input and they should make sentences that are true for them.

Ask students, in closed pairs, to consider how the sentences in (b) differ from those in (a). Go around the class and check answers.

Unit 1.7 (Listening Skills)

The Listening Skills units in each module contain a β€˜mock exam’ of the RNE Listening paper, presenting the three tasks in order. Study skills tips are included, each of which outline various skills, strategies and techniques appropriate to one of the tasks.

After students have completed the task, their answers are checked and the task is analysed and discussed.

Ask students to turn to p. 18.Exercise 1

Ask students around the class to read aloud the Study Skills tip: Listening for the specific information.

Read the rubric and ask the students to read the statements and underline the key words. Play the recording for students to listen and choose their answers. Give students time to read through the options again and consider their answers. Play the recording again for students to listen to and confirm why the other options aren’t correct. Check answers around the class and help students to explain why each option is correct or incorrect.

Present the rubric and explain that each statement is a paraphrase of what the speaker says, so students should

По ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΊΠ΅ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ Β«ΠšΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΡƒΒ» ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ эту ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρƒ с доставкой ΠΏΠΎ всСй России ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ самой Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ†Π΅Π½Π΅ Π² Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π° сайтах ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π›Π°Π±ΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚, Озон, Π‘ΡƒΠΊΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄, Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉ-Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄, ЛитрСс, My-shop, Book24, Books.ru.

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Английский язык, Starlight, 11 класс, Teacher"s Book, Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π”., ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’.Π’., 2011.

Линия УМК Β«Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский (10-11 классы) (Π£Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ)Β». Книга для учитСля являСтся составной Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ УМК Β«Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский» (β€œStarlight”) для 11 класса ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ школ с ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ английского языка ΠΈ прСдставляСт собой ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ с вписанными Π² упраТнСния ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌΠΈ устными ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ учащихся.

Outside Influences.
Perhaps one of the things that has made the English language today the closest the world has to a lingua franca is its 1) flexibility. The history of Britain is a tale of many 2) invasions, from Anglo Saxons to Vikings and Normans, to name but a few, and they all left a 3) lasting mark on the development of English as it is spoken today. One of the results of this is that English has always 4) readily absorbed words from other languages and this is a process that continues to this day. English has borrowed a very wide variety of foreign words and made them its own. Words like char from Chinese, hoi polloi from Greek and apparatchik from Russian are all words that are commonly used in English.

The language grew not only because Britain was conquered so many times but it also changed because of the British Empire. As the old empire spread the language across the world, it lost control of it too. Whatever part of the world English took root in, as either a native language in places like the US and Australia, or as a second language, the 5) inhabitants changed the way it was used. Each region has its own dialect of the language, which has added new vocabulary and uses its own unique 6) pronunciation or accent. What is fascinating is that these new variations on the language have also influenced how it is spoken in the land it originated in. English is a language that changes continually because of the vast variety of peoples and cultures that use it.

CONTENTS
1 Communication (pp. 5-36)
2 Challenges (pp. 37-68)
3 Rights (pp. 69-98)
4 Survival (pp. 99-130)
5 Spoilt for Choice (p-p. 131-160)
Grammar Reference (pp. 161-176)
Further Writing Practice (pp. 177-190)
Appendix I - Phrasal Verbs (pp.191-195)
Appendix II - Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions/Prepositional Phrases (pp. 196-200)
Appendix III - Spelling Rules (p. 200)
Appendix IV - Pronunciation (p. 200)
Irregular Verbs.

Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ: 28.04.2013 04:55 UTC

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  • Английский язык, Starlight Starter, Π—Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский, Π‘Π°Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° К.М., Π”ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Π”., ΠšΠΎΠΏΡ‹Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’.Π’., 2013 - Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ являСтся основным элСмСнтом ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-мСтодичСского ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° сСрии Π—Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ английский для Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…. Он Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π² сСбя задания ΠΈ упраТнСния, посвящСнныС русской … Книги ΠΏΠΎ английскому языку
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