Раздел 3 грамматика и лексика the platypus. Разбираем ЕГЭ по английскому языку: раздел «Грамматика

9

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами и их заголовками: к каждому тексту, обозначенному буквами А–G, подберите соответствующий заголовок, обозначенный цифрами 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. Are any of lyrics about real people and events?

2. Is McCartney disappointed that none of the children are musician?

3. When did McCartney begin to write songs?

4. How did he feel becoming Sir?

5. When did he meet John Lennon?

6. What kinds of music does he like?

7. Why is he well known?

8. Why did he make his wife a member of the Wings?

A. Sir Paul McCartney is probably the most famous pop musician of the 20th century. Together with John Lennon he formed the Beatles, and since their break-up has had a long solo career. Altogether he has written over 500 songs including Yesterday, the most played pop song of all time. He has recently also written a classical piece called Standing Stone which was premiered in 1997. His wife Linda died of cancer in 1998. He has four children.

B. "In 1957 when I was 15 and he was 16, and we were both still at school. We had a lot in common, we were both mad about music and we both lost our mothers when we were teenagers. My mother had died of cancer the year before and John’s mum was run over by a car a year after we’d met. So there was always that special bond between us."

C. ’It was when I was still at school and John was at art college. We used to write at my house in the afternoon when my dad was working. We had about three hours before my dad got home. John had a secondhand guitar and I played a bit on the piano. We had an old school notebook and I used to write at the top of the page A Lennon and McCartney original. We always said to each other that we"d be the greatest songwriting team in the world, which is funny because that"s exactly what we became. We formed the Beatles in I960."

D. "Usually the Beatles" songs which were my idea weren’t personal but there were some exceptions, for instance, I wrote Let it be about my mother, whose name was Mary. One night, when the Beatles were breaking up and I was feeling very depressed, I had a dream where I saw my mum. It was great to see her again and in the dream she said, "Don’t worry. Everything"ll be all right." It was such a nice dream I woke up and I felt much better and I started to write Let it be. Later I formed Wings and I wrote a lot of songs to my wife Linda."

E. "I persuaded her to do it. I needed her there, we were a partnership and I wanted her with me on the stage. She wasn"t very happy about being in the group at all in the beginning, I suppose because she felt she wasn"t a musician. But for me it was really important. I know a lot of people didn"t like it but that"s their problem.’

F. "It was one of the best days of my life. When I arrived at Buckingham Palace I realized that I’d forgotten my invitation but luckily it didn"t matter. They recognized me. When the Queen touched me on the shoulder with the sword, my daughter Stella who was in the audience started crying. I felt incredibly proud that someone who started life in a poor street in Liverpool had come so far."

G. "Not at all. On the contrary, I’m incredibly proud of them all, because they’re all really creative and talented. Stella, who’s now a fashion designer, will probably end up being more famous than me. Who knows?"

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений 10–17 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). В поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру правильного ответа.

Eliza had laid her child to sleep in the village hotel by the side of the river, before the men came into the same place. Eliza was standing by the window, when she saw Sam. Haley and Andy were two yards behind.

Eliza’s room had a side door to the river. She caught her child, and rushed outside. The trader saw her just as she was running towards the bank. He threw himself from the horse, called loudly to Sam and Andy and rushed after her. A few moments later she was at the water’s edge. With one wild cry she jumped over the current of water on a piece of ice. The huge green mass of ice on which she landed creaked, but she stayed there only a moment. She jumped to another cake of ice. Then to another! And another again! Her shoes were gone. Her stockings were cut away, and blood from her feet marked every step. But she saw nothing, felt nothing, till, as in a dream, she saw the Ohio side, and a man helping her up the bank.

You’re a brave girl!" said the man.

Eliza recognized the voice and face of the man who had a farm not far from her old home.

"Oh, Mr. Symmes! Save me. Please, hide me!" said Eliza.

Why, what’s this?" said the man. Why, it’s Shelby’s girl!’

"My child! This boy! He’d sold him! There is his Master," she said, pointing to the Kentucky bank.

"I’d be glad to do something for you," he said, "but then there’s nowhere I could take you. The best I can do is to tell you to go there," he said, pointing to a large white house which stood by itself, off the main street of the village. "Go there. They’re kind folks. They’ll help you. They’re up to all that sort of thing.’

"Thank you, sir," said Eliza.

She walked firmly away with her son in her arms. The man stood and looked after her.

"Shelby," he thought, "perhaps you’ll say this isn’t the best thing in the world to expect from a neighbour. But what else can I do? If you meet one of my girls in the same trouble, you can pay me back. I don’t like to be a hunter for other folks.’

Haley couldn’t believe what he had seen. When Eliza disappeared up the bank, he turned to Sam and Andy.

The girl’s got seven devils in her, I believe!’ said Haley. "She jumped like a wildcat!"

"Well, now," said Sam, scratching his head. "I hope Master will excuse us. Don’t think I can jump like that, no way!" And he laughed.

You laugh!" said the trader.

"I can’t help it now, Master," said Sam. "She jumps; ice cracks! How she goes!" And Sam and Andy laughed till the tears rolled down their cheeks.

Til make you cry!" said the trader, laying about their heads with his whip. Both ran shouting up the bank, and were on their horses before he was up.

10

Eliza’s child was sleeping when she saw her followers.

11

Eliza escaped through the window.

12

Once I was travelling in Italy. It was a lovely day. I wandered along the street until I came upon some
parasol-shaded tables which seemed to very nice. I settled and opened my book. I

B5

It was taking a long time for the waiter to arrive, but I was in no hurry. I was sure that the waiter soon. COME

B6

But finally, becoming impatient, I turned to signal for service and saw the neon sign. That was the
moment... I discovered that I was sitting outside a store selling garden furniture. BAD

The Great Wall of China

B7

The Great Wall of China runs for 6,700 kilometers from east to west of China. It is one of the GREAT
wonders of the world.

B8

The Great Wall the country form different aggressors. BUILD

B9

The construction of the Wall in order to protect in the 6 th century BC and lasted until the 16 th century AD. BEGIN

UK: Conservation and Environment

B11

Going for a walk is the most popular leisure activity in Britain. Despite its high density and POPULATE
widespread urbanization, the UK has many unspoilt rural and coastal areas.

B12

Twelve National Parks are freely accessible to the public and were created to conserve the beauty, NATURE
wildlife and cultural heritage they contain.

B13

Most of the land in National Parks is privately owned, but administered by an independent National Park Authority which
works to balance the expectations of with the need to conserve these open spaces for future generations. VISIT

B14

The UK also works to improve the global environment and has taken global warming ever since SERIOUS
scientists discovered the hole in the ozone layer.

B15

In 1997, the UK subscribed to the Kyoto Protocol binding developed countries to reduce emissions of the six main
greenhouse gases. The Protocol declares environmental PROTECT

It wasn’t unusual for Amos to go to Deravenels on Saturday, even though the offices were closed over the weekend. He A22 to go to tidy up his paperwork and do other small jobs he couldn’t attend to during the week.
But on this Saturday morning he had a specific purpose when he arrived at the grand old building on the Strand. The uniformed doorman A23 Amos close his umbrella and take off his raincoat. Then he touched his cap and said, “Good morning, Mr. Finnister”
Amos had come to the office to A24 a few telephone calls. His first call was to the Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, where he quickly discovered the records office was not open on weekends. He then dialed Ravenscar and was put through to Edward Deravenel.
“Good morning, Amos,” Edward said. “I’m assuming you have some news for me.” Amos then relayed all the information he had gathered the night before.
“Well done, Amos!” Edward exclaimed. “Thank you for going into all this you. My wife will be happy as A25 I knew I could depend A26 I am to know everything; it’s been such a mystery all these years. To A27 the truth, I think that Grace Rose should also know what happened to her mother. It will finally put her mind at rest.”
“I agree, sir. I will telephone you on Monday”. Amos walked home, A28 no attention to the heavy rain. He felt happy.

A22

1) held 2) took 3) used 4) kept

A23

1) looked 2) gazed 3) stared 4) watched

A24

1) take 2) do 3) make 4) give

A25

1) worry 2) trouble 3) bother 4) mess


В7

Ob Schulstress oder Liebeskummer, dann ______________ die Nummer gegen Kummer. Dort sitzen Menschen, die zuhören können.

В8

Leute, die die _____________ von Kindern ernst nehmen.

Das bedeutet nicht, dass sie einen sofort mit guten Ratschlägen überhäufen. Im Gegenteil.

В9

Die Psychologen versuchen zu helfen, nur wenn sie ____________ werden.

B1 0

В1 3

In Kooperation mit einer Zeitung ______________ Landes Umfragen durchführten.

B1 4

Dabei kamen junge Journalisten zu _________________ Ergebnissen.

B1 5

So gaben etwa mehr als 60 ______________ der befragten österreichischen Jugendlichen an,

B1 6

Sie wären sicher bereit, für einen _________ Job oder eine gute Ausbildung in ein anderes Land zu gehen.

B1 7

Heute gibt es in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland etwas mehr als 4000 Museen. Dabei A21__________ es sich zur A22____________ um volks- und heimatkundliche Sammlungen. Zu den bedeutendsten staatlichen Museen A23___________ die kunst- und kulturgeschichtlichen Sammlungen Berlins, die in der Stiftung “Preußischer Kulturbesitz” vereint sind. Wichtigster Sammelplatz für deutsche Kunst wurde das Germanische Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg, während das Deutsche Museum in München den ersten Platz unter den europäischen Museen für Naturwissenschaft und Technik A24______________. Große Aufmerksamkeit genießen auch die Ausstellungshäuser, die nicht über eigene Sammlungen A25____________, sondern wechselnde Ausstellungen organisieren. Viele Künstler haben ihre erste A26_______________ mit der Öffentlichkeit durch die privaten Kunstgalerien. Heute A27____________ man mehr als tausend kleine Galerien, die sich zwar an ihren eigenen A28___________ orientieren, jedoch eine wichtige Rolle auf dem Kunstmarkt spielen.

A 21

A 22

A 23

A 24

A 25

A 26

A2 7

A2 8

По окончании выполнения заданий В4 – В18 и А21 – А28 НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ , что ответы на задания В4 – В18 и А21 – А28 располагаются в разных частях бланка. При переносе ответов в заданиях В4 – В18 буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Раздел 4. Письмо

С1

Ihre deutsche Brieffreundin Sabine Heine aus München ist noch nie in Russland gewesen und Sie möchten sie zu einem Besuch einladen. Schreiben Sie einen Brief, in dem Sie:

    sich für Sabines Brief bedanken, den Sie vor kurzem bekommen haben;

    sich danach erkundigen, wie es Sabine geht, und ein paar Worte über sich selbst schreiben;

    Ihre Einladung formulieren;

    ausführlich darüber schreiben, was Ihre Freundin von der Reise zu erwarten hat: Beschreiben Sie Ihren Wohnort und Ihre Wohnsituation, schreiben Sie darüber, wie Sie zusammen die Zeit verbringen werden, was Sie sehen und erleben werden.

Vergessen Sie das Datum, die Anrede und die Schlussformel nicht, grüßen Sie die Familie Ihrer Freundin.

Der Brief soll etwa 140 Wörter enthalten.

С2

Es gibt eine verbreitete Meinung, dass im Computerzeitalter der Computer einen Lehrer ersetzen kann . Nehmen Sie Stellung zu diesem Problem und schreiben Sie einen Kommentar. Sie können sich an den folgenden Plan halten:

    Einleitung – Präsentation der Idee in allgemeinen Zügen;

    Argumente für und gegen diese Idee;

    Schlussfolgerung – Darlegung der eigenen Meinung.

Der Umfang Ihres Textes: 200-250 Wörter.

Класс Вариант 1

Раздел 2. Чтение

B2 Установите соответствие между заголовками 1- 8 и текстами А- G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

The secret of successful small talk

1. Pay compliments.

2. Start with the obvious things.

3. Ask about their personal problems.

4. Turn the attention to others.

5. Avoid difficult themes.

6. It’s not so difficult.

7. Pay attention.

8. Use friendly body language.

A. You’re at a cocktail party. There are lots of people there but there’s nobody that you know. What do you do? The good conversationalist would choose to walk up to someone and introduce yourself. We all know people like that - people who can talk to anyone about anything. How do they do it? Well, the good news is that there is no great secret to small talk. There are just some simple techniques that anyone can use to start a conversation and keep it going.

B. In the film Annie Hall Diane Keaton and Woody Allen have just met and they want to impress each other. While they are talking their inner thought appear in sub-title on the screen. ’Listen to me-what a jerk.’ he probably thinks I’m stupid.’ Thoughts like these kill a conversation. So don’t try to impress other people. Just relax and be yourself. When you talk to someone you show that you are interested in them. So you don’t have to talk about deeply important things. Just talk about simple things like the weather or a television programme that you saw.

C. TV journalist Barbara Walters recalls that when she was younger she met the author, Truman Capote. She wanted to tell him that she liked his book. However, she thought that he must be tired of hearing that, so she just mumbled ’How do you do?’ and turned away. She forgot that everybody likes to receive a compliment and it’s an easy way into a conversation, especially if you follow it up with a question: ’I really liked your book. How long did it take you to write it?’ or ’That’s a nice jacket. Where did you buy it?’

D . Your face and your body can communicate much more than your words. If you stand with your arms folded or if you keep looking around the room, the conversation will quickly end because you will look uninterested. Instead, you should make eye contact; keep an open posture and smile. If you send out friendly messages, you will get friendly messages back.

E. A Victorian lady once compared the two British prime ministers, Gladstone and Disraeli. ’When you speak to Mr Gladstone’, she said, ’you think he is the most interesting man in the world. But when you speak to Mr Disraeli, you feel that you are the most interesting woman in the world.’ People like to talk about themselves and they will think you are fascinating if you ask questions that allow them to do so.

E But people often don’t listen properly. They are too busy thinking about the next thing that they themselves want to say. Good conversationalists listen carefully and they show that they are listening, too. They ask questions, nod their head in agreement or say things like ’Oh that sounds exciting’.

F. There are some topics that you should avoid. Don’t ask people about personal problems, money or religion. It’s also a good idea to avoid the kind of statements that say ’I’m right. You’re wrong’. It’s all right to express your opinions but soften your comments with expressions such as ’I’m afraid I have to disagree with you there’. So, there is no secret to successful small talk. Just follow these simple rules and you’ll soon find that you can hold a pleasant conversation with anybody about anything.

A В С D E F G

В3 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски А - G частями предло­жений, обозначенными цифрами 1 - 7. Одна из частей в списке 1 - 7 - лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

August 1997

I will never forget what I was doing when I heard about the death of Princess Diana. It was Sunday morning and A __________ . I got up and made myself a cup of coffee. It was about ten past seven. At that time there is usually some farming news on the radio. On Sundays there are also religious programmes. I don’t usually listen to the radio early on Sunday mornings but I switched it on.

A woman in the studio was asking questions and a man was answering them by telephone. The man said: ’We must think about the children at this tragic time.’ Tragic? What was he thinking about? В __________ and a few seconds later the woman said: ’We have changed this morning’s programmes to bring you news of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales.’ I felt a terrible shock and С _________ . That morning I telephoned about 25 people but D_________. . We didn’t know what to do. Eventually my sister and I decided to go to Kensington Palace, where Diana lived.

E __________ , there were about a thousand of people there. Some of them were putting flowers at the palace gates. Others were standing quietly in Kensington Gardens. A lot of people were crying and embracing each other. There were a lot of journalists and photographers. My sister was very angry F __________. ’Go away!’ she shouted at one of them. ’This is all your fault!’

1. when we arrived

2. I listen more careful

3. when she saw them

4. I couldn’t sleep

5. everyone was in deep shock

6. I was doing nothing

7. I couldn’t believe it

A В С D E F

Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необ-ходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В4 - В10, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В4 - В10.

В4 ’Cars cause pollution and should _______ from BAN

Centers city centers.’ What do you think? In the past,

people travelled by horse and so city

B5 centers ________for cars. They were built for rid- NOT DESIGN

ers and pedestrians. The question now is: should

we adapt them for cars or should we make city

centres car-free zones? Cars cause lead pollu-

tion and thousands of children have asthma or

suffer brain damages. Cars also cause

B6 noise pollution and can stop people ________. SLEEP

В7 People ________ every day on the roads in car ac- KILL

cidents and also in road rage incidents where

drivers attack other drivers. It’s awful! So why

do we have cars? For getting around, of course,

and to make it easy to get from one place to an-

other. They carry as much luggage as we want

В8 and are ________ than public transport. FAST

B9 If we banned cars from city centres, we ________ NEED

big car parks and then free public transport to

our destination. People might walk more and be

B10 In the future who ________ what will happen? Sci- KNOW

ence may solve the problem. We may have elec-

tric or solar-powered cars that know where they

are going. Things will certainly be different.

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В11 - В16, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В11 - В16 .

B11 The film “Titanic” made in the US in 1997 EXPENSIVE

the _______ film ever made at almost $250

million. Starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate

Winslet, it was directed by James Cameron

and won 11 Oscars, including the Oscar for the best film.

B12 Why is the film so ________? Miranda, aged 13, SUCCESS

has seen the film three times and now has the

video. ’I almost know the script by heart,’ she

says, ’and I still have tears in my eyes at the end.

B13 It makes a big ________ to me to think that it’s a DIFFER

true story. It really happened.’

B14 Her mother is by the research. ’James PRESS

Cameron spent an enormous amount of time

and money to get everything just right and ex-

actly as it was on the real Titanic. It’s a great

story and there’s never a dull moment in the

film.’ George agrees that the special effects

B15 are ________ , but says, ’I didn’t much like the CREDENT

B16 and some parts were rather _________.It was long PREDICT

too - so I don’t think I’ll see it again.’

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами А22 - А28. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям А22 - А28 , в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

The price of fame

Charlotte Church looks like a normal teenager but she is far from average. She has an amazing voice. Her fans stand in queues for hours to get tickets for her concerts and she is often on television. Charlotte’s singing A22 _________ began when she performed on a TV show at the age of 11. The head of record company was so impressed by her voice that he A23 _________ her up on the spot. Her first album rose to number one in the charts.

Charlotte still attends school in her home town when she can. A24 _______, she is often away on tour for weeks at a time. She doesn’t miss out on lessons, though, because she takes her own tutor with her! She spends three hours every morning with him. Her exam results in all the |A25 __________ she studies are impressive.

But how does she A26 ___________ with this unusual way of life? SheA27 ________

that she has the same friends as before. That way be true but she can no longer go into town with them because everybody stops her in the street to ask for her autograph. It seems that, like most stars, she must learn to A27 _________ these restrictions and the lack of privacy. It’s the price of fame!

A22 1) profession 2) job 3) labour 4) career
A23 1) signed 2) wrote 3) made 4) picked
A24 1) Although 2) While 3) For 4) However
A25 1) titles 2) materials 3) subjects 4) lessons
A26 1) cope 2) adjust 3)bear 4) tolerate
A27 1) denies 2) refuses 3) insists 4)complains
A28 1) look down on 2) make do with 3) put up with 4) run out of

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Статья опубликована при поддержке Компании «KIWI-ZONE». Компания KIWI-ZONE осуществляет поддержку и посредничество российским гражданам в вопросах связанных с бизнесом, покупкой недвижимости и туризмом в Новой Зеландии. А языковые школы Новой Зеландия прекрасно подойдут для людей желающих быстро освоить английский язык. Посетите официальный сайт Компании www.new-zeland.org и ознакомьтесь подробнее с предоставляемыми ею услугами.

Учебный план

№ газеты

Учебный материал

Лекция 1. Формат и структура ЕГЭ по английскому языку.

Лекция 2. Общие стратегии подготовки к ЕГЭ.

Лекция 3. Раздел ЕГЭ “Аудирование”.

Лекция 4. Раздел ЕГЭ “Чтение”.
Контрольная работа № 1 (срок выполнения - до 25 ноября 2007 г.

Лекция 5. Раздел ЕГЭ “Лексика и грамматика.”

Лекция 6. Раздел ЕГЭ “Письмо”.
Контрольная работа № 2 (срок выполнения - до 25 декабря 2007 г.)

Лекция 7. Устная часть ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Монологическая речь.

Лекция 8. Устная часть ЕГЭ по английскому языку. Диалогическое высказывание.

Итоговая работа

Лекция 5
Раздел ЕГЭ “Лексика и грамматика”

Система проверяемых знаний, навыков и умений. Типы тестовых заданий в ЕГЭ. Система упражнений для развития лексических и грамматических навыков.

Третий раздел письменной части ЕГЭ по английскому языку «Лексика и грамматика» оценивает сформированность достаточно широкого спектра лексико-грамматических навыков на основе употребления лексических и грамматических единиц в коммуникативно-ориентированных контекстах. Раздел состоит из трёх заданий, в объектах контроля и особенностях технологии выполнения которых нам предстоит разобраться в данной лекции. Прежде всего, обратим внимание на то, что все три задания строятся на основе связных текстов, с прочтения которых (после внимательного изучения инструкции) должна начинаться работа над каждым из субтестов. В отличие от заданий предыдущего раздела ЕГЭ чтение здесь является не целью, а средством проверки и необходимо для предварительной ориентации в тексте перед дальнейшей работой над его языковой стороной.

Задание № 1 раздела
«Грамматика и лексика» ЕГЭ

Проверяет умение использовать в соответствии с контекстом грамматические формы существительных, глаголов, прилагательных, наречий, местоимений, числительных. Тип задания - краткий ответ, для получения которого необходимо заполнить пропуски в тексте грамматически согласующимися с контекстом формами слов, представленных на полях справа от текста.
Приведём пример из демоверсии ЕГЭ 2007 г.

Albert Schweitzer,
a Nobel Peace Prize Winner

Albert Schweitzer is known throughout the world for his missionary work in Africa. He was born on January 14, 1875 in Alsace, which was part of Germany and __________Part of France after World War I.

He was a talented person. By the age of thirty, he __________________ as an author, a lecturer, and a musician.

It was at this time that he learned of the great need of medical doctors in Africa. He decided to become a doctor of medicine. In 1913, Doctor Schweitzer and his wife __________for Africa.

The morning after the Schweitzers arrived, they started to treat their patients in an old farmhouse. However, a new hospital building __________________ with the help and the trust of the African people.

Their work was interrupted by World War I. Only in 1924, Dr. Schweitzer was finally able to return to Lambarene to rebuild
the hospital. When Mrs. Schweitzer came back to Africa in 1929, the hospital was much _________________.

In 1953 Dr. Schweitzer _________________ the Nobel Peace Prize.

He was grateful, but said, “No man has the right to pretend that he __________ enough
for the cause of peace or declare himself satisfied.”

WORK

Из приведённого примера видно, что в данном задании учащиеся должны проявить навыки образования и употребления сравнительной степени прилагательных, пассивной формы глагола в Past Indefinite, глагола в активном залоге в Past Indefinite и Present Perfect. Однако в разных вариантах экзамена спектр объектов контроля может быть значительно шире. В спецификации ЕГЭ по иностранному языку в качестве объектов контроля в данном задании указаны следующие элементы содержания: 5.2.1., 5.2.2., 5.2.3., 5.2.4., 5.2.6. (см. Кодификатор элементов содержания ЕГЭ по английскому языку, лекция №1).
Данный тип тестового задания диктует следующий алгоритм его выполнения: после ознакомительного чтения целого текста для понимания его темы и логики развития повествования учащиеся приступают к внимательному прочтению последовательно каждого предложения и определению требуемого контекстом грамматического значения пропущенного слова. Далее необходимо образовать форму слова, передающую это значение, и вписать её в текст. Для проверки выполненного задания после заполнения пропусков следует ещё раз прочитать весь текст, чтобы убедиться, что смысл всех предложений восстановлен правильно и не нарушена логика текста.
Перед непосредственным выполнением тестового задания учащимся будет полезно проделать ряд подготовительных упражнений для усвоения на практике алгоритма его выполнения. Приведем примеры подобных упражнений из «Сборника тестов для подготовки к ЕГЭ» (изд-во Oxford: Macmillan Education).

TEST 1
Задание из теста:
Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика

Задание 1
Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В4 - В11 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения.

The Platypus

In the rivers of south-eastern Australia, you can find an animal called a ‘platypus’. The platypus is one of the __________ animals in the world.

It __________ only in Australia and belongs to a group of animals called ‘monotremes’.

When Europeans first saw an example of the animal in the 1700s, they __________ it was a joke.

They __________ anything like it before and they refused to believe that it was a real animal.

NEVER SEE

A __________ example arrived from Australia, and then more, and the scientists realised that this unusual creature was real.

Today, the platypus __________ in the waters around south-east Australia.

It is not very rare, but some people worry that water pollution could be a problem as the water around Sydney gets __________.

We still __________ much about this mysterious animal and we have a lot to learn.

[Key: B4. strangest, B5. exists, B6. thought, B7. had never seen, B8. second, B9. lives, B10. dirtier, B11. do not know / don’t know]

Подготовительные упражнения:
1. Quickly read the text and answer the questions.

Как уже было отмечено выше, тестовые задания № 1 в рассматриваемом разделе ЕГЭ оценивают умение использовать грамматические формы в цельном связном тексте, без понимания содержания которого невозможно определить значения отдельных его частей. Данное упражнение настраивает учащихся на прочтение целого текста перед тем, как приступать к работе над отдельными предложениями.
1. In which country can you find the platypus?
________________
2. Does the platypus live in other countries?
________________
3. When did Europeans first see the platypus?
________________
4. Is the platypus a rare animal?
________________
5. Do we know a lot about the platypus?
________________

2. Complete the table.
Может показаться, что данное упражнение не вызовет затруднений даже у самых слабых учащихся старших классов. Без сомнения, порядковые числительные в пределах первого десятка знают все. Однако обратим внимание на то, что упражнение призывает учащихся обратить внимание на орфографию слова. В разделе «Грамматика и лексика» неправильное написание слова (например, forth вместо fourth или nineth вместо ninth) ведёт за собой потерю балла за тестовый вопрос.

TEST 5
Задание из теста:

Задание 1
Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В4 - В11 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения.

The Automobile

Cars are a common sight on roads today, but that wasn’t always true. Back in the days before the car ___________________, the only personal means of transport were the horse and the bicycle.

The first cars ____ their power from steam and gas, and had a maximum speed of around nine miles an hour.

In Britain, there was a law ________cars from going over 2 miles an hour in towns.

At the end of the nineteenth century, cars started to use petrol and became much ________________ than they had been.

Very few people at that time said that cars ______________ the world in the future.

That is exactly what has happened, though, and since then we ________close to 18 million miles of roads on the Earth.

Perhaps the _________________ sign of the success of the car is the fact that there are over 800 million of them in the world.

However, having more cars on the road ________________ more pollution, and that’s a major worry for many people.

[Key: B4. was invented, B5. got, B6. stopping, B7. faster, B8. would change, B9. have built, B10. biggest, B11. means]

Подготовительные упражнения:
1. Read the text. For each gap in the text B4 - B11 , decide whether the following statements are true or false.
Упражнение способствует тому, чтобы в данном типе задания перед заполнением пропусков в тексте учащиеся привыкали внимательно прочитывать предложение с пропуском, понимать его смысл и определять, какое грамматическое значение должно быть передано пропущенной единицей контекста.

1 (B4) We need the passive voice.

2 (B5) We need the past progressive to express a fact about the past.

3 (B6) We need the simple past because this is an action in the past.

4 (B7)

5 (B8) This is the future in the past, so we need to use would.

6 (B9) We need the past simple to go with since.

7 (B10) We need a comparative form using -er.

8 (B11) We need a verb in the plural
because cars is plural.

[Key: 1. T; 2. F; 3. F; 4. T; 5. T; 6. F; 7. F; 8. F]

2. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence. Use the words in bold to help you.
Данное упражнение привлекает внимание учащихся к грамматическим формам и лексическим единицам контекста, которые служат сигналами, помогающими восстановить смысл предложения и правильно определить грамматическое значение пропущенного слова.

1. Since the start of the 20th century, cars ______very popular.
A. became; B. have become; C. were becoming

2. Cars now are much ________________than they used to be.
A. quick; B. quicker; C. quickest

3. In 1900, Mr. Daimler said that in the future everyone __________________a car.
A. drove; B. will drive; C. would drive

4. Driving fast near schools ______________more chance of an accident.
A. mean; B. means; C. is meaning

[Key: 1. B; 2. B; 3. C; 4. B]

Задание № 2 раздела
«Грамматика и лексика» ЕГЭ

По своему дизайну первое и второе задание в рассматриваемом разделе экзамена одинаковы. Однако в задании №2 объектом контроля является умение использовать не формообразующие, а словообразовательные аффиксы английского языка (см. элемент содержания 5.3.1. кодификатора). Тип задания - краткий ответ, для получения которого необходимо заполнить пропуски в тексте лексически и грамматически согласующимися с контекстом словами, преобразуя с помощью словообразовательных элементов слова, представленные на полях справа от пропусков. После выполнения данного задания необходимо внести слова, вписанные в пропуски в тексте, в бланки ответов строго под соответствующими номерами (то же самое необходимо сделать по выполнении первого задания).

Tourism in Britain

Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is an __________________ industry, employing thousands of people.

IMPORTANCE

Most ________________ come in the summer months when they can expect good weather.

Tourists __________________ spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities.

Perhaps the least visited places in England are old ______________________ towns.

INDUSTRY

But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the _________________of Britain.

Приведённый пример (демонстрационный вариант 2007 г.) показывает, что в данном задании учащиеся должны образовать слово, а не форму слова (как это требуется в первой части раздела «Грамматика и лексика»): importance - important, usual - usually, industry - industrial и т.д. Как правило, здесь учащиеся оперируют только словообразовательными аффиксами, однако следует обратить внимание на то, что в некоторых (редких) случаях контекст может требовать использования и соответствующих формообразующих аффиксов: visit - visitors.
Данному типу тестового задания соответствует следующий алгоритм его выполнения:
1. Ознакомительное чтение целого текста для понимания его основного содержания (как и в первом задании, чтение выступает здесь как средство для дальнейшего восстановления пропущенных единиц).
2. Внимательное прочтение каждого предложения, восстановление по его смыслу значения пропущенной единицы, определение грамматической категории, к которой она принадлежит (какая часть речи пропущена?).
3. Использование соответствующего аффикса (или аффиксов) для образования нужной лексической единицы.
4. Прочтение текста после заполнения всех пропусков для проверки правильности его восстановления.

Знание словообразовательных аффиксов английского языка и навык их использования необходимы как в рецептивных, так и в продуктивных видах речевой деятельности. Развитию этой части лингвистического компонента коммуникативной компетенции учащихся следует уделять должное внимание на старшем этапе обучения в средней школе.
«Сборник тестов для подготовки к ЕГЭ» (изд-во Oxford: Macmillan Education) в каждом из включённых в его состав 20 тестов содержит задания, аналогичные приведённому нами примеру из демонстрационного варианта ЕГЭ 2007 г. Эти задания (а также сопровождающие их подготовительные упражнения) помогают учащимся вспомнить широкий спектр словообразовательных аффиксов, потренироваться в их использовании в коммуникативно-ориентированных контекстах, а также на практике освоить алгоритм выполнения задания в формате ЕГЭ.
Приведём пример одного из подобных заданий и подготовительных упражнений из упомянутого сборника.

TEST 2
Задание из теста:
Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика

Задание 2
Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами после номеров B12 - B18 так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы B12 - B18.

Before the ____________ of the hot air balloon, no human had ever successfully flown above the ground.

Two ____________ brothers, Josef and Etienne Montgolfier, were responsible for designing the world’s first hot air balloon.

The first successful ____________ was in 1783, and the Montgolfier brothers immediately

became ______________ throughout the world.

The design of hot air balloons is based on the _____________ law that hot air rises. A burner at the bottom of the balloon provides the

As the air inside the balloon gets hotter, the balloon takes off. Its height above the ground is determined by how

hot the air inside is and its
______________ of travel depends on the wind.

Подготовительные упражнения:
Read the text with questions B12 - B18 in Section 3. Grammar and vocabulary. For each gap, decide what kind of word (noun, adjective, etc.) fills each gap.

B12 _____________
B13 _____________
B14 _____________
B15 _____________
B16 _____________
B17 _____________
B18 _____________

[Key: B12. noun; B13. adjective; B14. noun; B15. adjective; B16. adjective; B17. noun; B18. noun]

Complete the table:

inventor
invention

fly
flight
flyer

director
direction

Задание № 3 раздела
«Грамматика и лексика» ЕГЭ

Объектом контроля в данном задании служат лексико-грамматические навыки. Тип задания - выбор ответа из четырёх предложенных. В задании требуется заполнить пропуски в тексте лексическими единицами, соответствующими контексту. После выполнения задания необходимо отметить выбранный вариант в части А бланка ответов (верхняя часть бланка) под соответствующим номером.

“It’s Only Me”

After her husband had gone to work, Mrs. Richards sent her children to school and went upstairs to her bedroom. She was too excited to do any housework A22 ____________ that morning, because in the evening she would be going to a fancy dress party with her husband. She intended to dress up as a ghost and she had made her costume the night before.
Now she was A23 ______________ to try it on. Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective. Mrs. Richards put it A24 _________, looked in the mirror, smiled and went downstairs. She wanted to find out whether it would be
A25 ___________ to wear.
Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining-room, there was a A26 ____________________ on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker. She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table. Not wanting to A27 ______________________ the poor man,
Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small store-room under the stairs. She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the store-room was opened and a man entered. Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter. She tried to A28 _________________________ the situation, saying “It’s only me”, but it was too late. The man let out a cry and jumped back several paces. When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he ran away, slamming the door behind him.
A22
1) show; 2) performance; 3) party; 4) programme

A23
1) nervous; 2) restless; 3) ill at ease; 4) impatient

A24
1) up; 2) on; 3) over; 4) down

A25
1) attractive; 2) exciting; 3) comfortable; 4) cozy

A26
1) knock; 2) kick; 3) hit; 4) crash

A27
1) fear; 2) worry; 3) disturb; 4) frighten

A28
1) describe; 2) explain; 3) interpret; 4) clear

Из приведённого примера (демоверсия ЕГЭ 2007 г.) видно, что в данном задании оценивается знание и умение пользоваться лексико-грамматической сочетаемостью лексических единиц в контексте. Для успешного выполнения задания необходимо различать нюансы близких по значению лексических единиц и понимать, какое из этих значений востребовано контекстом. Кроме того, важно учитывать, с какими структурными языковыми единицами может сочетаться слово в контексте (предлогами, инфинитивом, герундием и т.д.)
Система тестовых заданий и подготовительных упражнений для совершенствования упомянутых лексико-грамматических навыков и умений, а также для знакомства с алгоритмом выполнения тестового задания представлена в упомянутом нами сборнике тестов для подготовки к ЕГЭ.
Приведём пример одного из заданий и упражнений к нему.

TEST 4
Задание из теста:
Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика

Задание 3
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами А21 - А28. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям А21 - А28, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

How was Jackson going to A21 ______________ rid of Simon? That was the question that had kept him awake for the previous three nights, and which he pondered as he now walked home from work. It had all started so innocently, as a favour to a friend.
‘Could you put me A22 _______________, Jackson?’ Simon had asked. ‘Just for a couple of nights.’ Jackson of course had said yes, thinking that it would be just for two nights. How wrong he had been.
Now, more than four months on, Simon was still in the flat and there seemed little evidence to suggest he was A23 ______________ to leave. The evidence, in fact, pointed to quite the opposite conclusion. Simon seemed to have A24 ________________ in so comfortably, Jackson wondered sometimes if it was actually Simon’s flat, and he, Jackson, was the one staying there as the guest.
Jackson knew he should A25 _ _____________ his feelings clear to Simon - that he valued his own privacy, that he didn’t want to live with someone else on a permanent basis, that he felt Simon was abusing his hospitality - but the truth was he was scared. Not scared of how Simon would react physically, but scared that Simon would take offence, and would A26 ___________________ him of being selfish and not caring about a friend who was in trouble. And Simon was in trouble. With no job, no money and nowhere else to stay, where would Simon go if Jackson A27 ________________ him out? ‘Maybe I am being selfish,’ Jackson thought, ‘but the situation just can’t go on like this.’
He made the decision to bring the subject up sometime that evening. ‘I won’t ask him to leave immediately,’ he reasoned. ‘That would be unfair, and would put him in a difficult A28 ___________.
But I’ll explain that the whole arrangement was meant to be temporary, has gone on for a very
long time now, and that, while it’s been nice having Simon as a flatmate it just can’t go on indefinitely.’
For the rest of the walk home, he rehearsed exactly what he was going to say.

A21
1) have; 2) get; 3) take; 4) set

A22
1) in; 2) out; 3) over; 4) up

A23
1) intending; 2) assuming; 3) devising; 4) conceiving

A24
1) settled; 2) established; 3) launched; 4) relaxed

A25
1) convey; 2) express; 3) make; 4) tell

A26
1) charge; 2) condemn; 3) blame; 4) accuse

A27
1) let; 2) sent; 3) threw; 4) did

A28
1) location; 2) position; 3) point; 4) site

[Key: A21. 2; A22. 4; A23.1; A24. 1; A25. 3; A26.4; A27. 3; A28.2]

Подготовительные упражнения:
1. Read the text with gaps A21 - A28 in Section 3. Grammar and vocabulary and answer the questions.
В рассматриваемом тестовом задании особенно важно внимательно прочесть текст и понять смысл контекста для точного определения значений пропущенных слов. Данное упражнение формирует необходимое для выполнения задания умение прогнозировать содержание пропущенной части по окружающему контексту.

1. How was Jackson going to A21 ____________ rid of Simon?
Jackson wants Simon to:
a. leave.
b. stay.

2. ‘Could you put me A22 _______________, Jackson?’
Simon is asking Jackson for:
a. financial help.
b. somewhere to stay.

3 …there seemed little evidence to suggest he was A23 _______________ to leave.
The word that fits in the gap probably means:
a. creating.
b. planning.

4 Simon seemed to have A24 ________________in so comfortably…
This suggests that Simon was treating the flat as if:
a. it was his home.
b. he was a temporary guest.

5 Jackson knew he should A25 _______________his feelings clear to Simon…
Jackson knew he should:
a. tell Simon exactly how he felt.
b. change how he felt about Simon.

[Key: 1. a; 2. b; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a]

2. Circle the correct word to complete the patterns.
Знание и навык использования фразовых глаголов - один из объектов контроля в тестовом задании № 3 раздела «Грамматика и лексика» ЕГЭ. Именно этот навык необходим для правильного выбора ответа на тестовый вопрос А26 приведённого нами тестового задания из сборника тестов. В подготовительном упражнении внимание учащихся привлекается к тому, что выбор ответа зависит от содержащегося в контексте послелога.

1. charge someone with/for (doing) something
2. condemn someone with/for (doing) something
3. blame someone with/for (doing) something
4. accuse someone for/of (doing) something

[Key: 1. with; 2. for; 3. for; 4. of]

Контрольные вопросы:
1. Из каких заданий состоит раздел ЕГЭ «Грамматика и лексика»?
2. Какие навыки и умения являются объектами контроля в данных заданиях?
3. Каков алгоритм выполнения заданий в разделе?
4. Почему важно начинать каждое из заданий с прочтения текста, предъявляемого в задании?
5. Что необходимо знать и уметь для заполнения пропусков в текстах в первом задании, во втором задании, в третьем задании?